[Latest] Psychology And Sports | Chapter 9 Notes | 2025

Last updated on August 13th, 2025 at 10:42 am

Psychology And Sports

Psychology and sports deal with the positive behavior of sportspersons during training and competition period to increase performance.

It guides coaches and players to give individual attention regarding various method and various motivational techniques.

Personality

Personality is an organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that influence his/her cognitions, emotions, and behavior in various situations.

It is the enduring personal characteristics of individuals. It is much more than outer appearance.

Personality includes the combination of emotional, attitude and behavior response patterns of an individual.

People who have good Personalities are very likable, interesting, and pleasant to be with.

Personality has four dimensions:

Types of Personality

Type A: Individuals with this type of Personality are very competitive, self critical and high working involvement. 

They easily get excited, and quickly become impatient with delays. Such types of individuals can easily be aroused to anger, hostility and aggression.

Type B: Individuals with this type of Personality are not competitive in nature. They are easygoing and patient. They usually do not get angry, can express their emotions, and cope with stress effectively.

Type C: These people have a pleasing nature. They are unable to express their emotions. They are lethargic, passive, hopeless, and pessimistic.

Type D: These individuals usually suffer from high degrees of de-stress. They have a fear of rejection or disapproval. 

Traits and Types

Sheldon’s Classification of Personality

Sheldon proposed that there were three basic body types, or “somatotypes,” and that each was associated with a particular temperament. The three types are:

• Endomorph: A person with a round, soft body, and a tendency to gain weight easily. Sheldon associated this body type with a viscerotonic temperament, characterized by being relaxed, sociable, and comfort-loving.
• Mesomorph: A person with a muscular, athletic build. This body type was linked to a somatotonic temperament, which was described as adventurous, assertive, and competitive.
• Ectomorph: A person with a thin, fragile frame and little body fat. Sheldon correlated this with a cerebrotonic temperament, characterized by being introverted, quiet, and emotionally restrained.

Jung Classification Of Personality

Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology, developed a comprehensive theory of personality. His work, particularly in the book Psychological Types (1921)

• Introvert
• Extrovert
• Ambivert

Big Five Theory Personality

According to this theory, personality depends upon five dimensions or traits.

• Openness
• Conscientiousness
• Extroversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism

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The five core personality traits are:

• Openness to Experience: This trait describes a person’s willingness to try new things and their level of intellectual curiosity. People high in openness are imaginative, adventurous, and creative, while those low in this trait are more conventional and prefer routines.
• Conscientiousness: This dimension relates to a person’s level of self-discipline, organization, and dependability. Individuals with high conscientiousness are typically organized, responsible, and hardworking. Those low in conscientiousness tend to be more spontaneous and can be careless or disorganized.
• Extraversion: This trait measures how a person interacts with others and the world. High extraversion is characterized by being outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Low extraversion, or introversion, is marked by a preference for solitary activities and a quieter, more reserved nature.
• Agreeableness: This dimension reflects a person’s cooperative and compassionate nature. Highly agreeable people are kind, trusting, and empathetic. Those low in agreeableness may be more competitive, skeptical, and uncooperative.
• Neuroticism: This trait assesses a person’s emotional stability. Individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience negative emotions like anxiety, anger, and mood swings. Conversely, those low in neuroticism are generally calm, emotionally stable, and resilient.

Motivation

Motivation is one of the most important psychological factors, which inspires us to do something good.

Motivation has an immense effect on learning, in the absence of motivation the learning rate is lower. It is a kind of inner force that gives energy to a person to make a constant effort.

It increases the desire to perform better.

Types of Motivation

Internal Motivation

This motivation occurs within an individual and guides him to perform better. It is based on bodily needs, instinct, nature, emotional needs, social needs, etc. 

Intrinsic motivation depends upon goal setting, self-appraisal, auto suggestions and a positive attitude.

External Motivation

This motivation depends upon external factors. This external factor compels a person to perform better. 

External Motivation has a great impact on an individual’s performance. 

Motivation can be given in various way like rewards, punishment, praise, blame, cash prizes, feedback, etc

Techniques of Motivation

Goal setting: It is the most important technique of motivation. People should be encouraged to set achievable long-term goals based on their capacities.

Healthy environment: A healthy, clean and Hygienic environment motivates a player to participate.

Good quality Equipment and playfield: Both improve the performance of sportsmen

Reward and punishment: If players are informed in advance about what they get and what he lose, then their performance is better.

Coaching and guidance: Good coaching and guidance improve performance.

Spectators: Good and positive responses from spectators encourage the player to perform well.

Knowledge of results: Proper knowledge of results motivates learners to learn rapidly.

Cash prizes, certificates and trophies: These are good incentives to motivate a sportsman.

Competition: Healthy and good sports competition is a motivating factor for improving performance.

Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it

Exercise adherence is the ability to maintain any exercise program for an extended time. This is the period of time to get the desired results that help develop a passion and habit for the exercise.

Reasons to Exercise

1. Healthy Body Means Healthy Mind: People who exercise regularly are happier and more productive throughout the day. They also feel less tired. Exercise promotes a healthy body and helps positive thinking.

2. Look Good: Working out makes you look better, become more muscular and have a good shape.

3. Healthier Ageing: Regular exercise promotes healthy aging. Aging is invariable but quality of aging and life is based on physical fitness aided by regular exercise.

4. Boosts Self-confidence: Regular exercise helps increase our self-confidence. This, in turn, lets us express ourselves better among people and increases our self-esteem.

5. Mood Elevation: Exercise releases chemicals in the brain that make us feel good.

6. Better Sleep: The harder our bodies work during the day, the more soundly we sleep at night, allowing us the rest we need in order to repair our bodies.

7. Enhances Energy: Exercise improves the health of our internal organs, which makes our bodies more efficient with their normal functions such as breathing, circulation and digestion.

8. Reduces Stress: Exercise increases the production of endorphins, which are the feel-good chemicals that can help us manage stress better. These factors combined with improved sleep make exercise a powerful stress reliever.

9. Better Self-discipline: Regular exercise increases self-discipline which is beneficial to all aspects of our daily life.

10. Saves Money: Better health generally means fewer medical conditions and less hospital visits and medication and appointments, which saves both time and money.

Benefits of Exercise

Following are some of the benefits of regular exercise:

1. Mood Elevation: Exercise is a very potent mood elevator. Exercise releases feel-good hormones called endorphins. Exercise generates a positive outlook and also improves mental health.

2. Fights Depression: Regular exercise prevents symptoms of depression. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises are beneficial. Boosted self-confidence and a feeling of success automatically reduce depression.

3. Enhances Mental Alertness: Mental skills develop better with regular exercise. Blood circulation improves and so does cognitive functions. Skills needed to indulge in sports or just being physically active also improve mental functioning.

4. Better Body Image: Besides indulging in exercise, many people learn dance and body movements to develop a better body image.

5. Boosts Memory: Regular exercise increases the ability to learn new things and boosts memory.

6. Positive Self-esteem: Negative self-esteem occurs when a person feels that their looks do what society, family and friends expect. Exercise neutralizes these feelings not measured and helps generate positive self-esteem by changing mental and physical attributes.

7. Overall Well-being: Exercise induces a feeling of happiness and well-being. The release of feel-good hormones like serotonin keeps the mood elevated and performance at peak level. Regular exercise is known to reduce the risk of many health problems.

8. Improves Sleep: Regular physical activity induces sound sleep.

9. Maintains Good Posture and Bone Strength: Regular exercise is a great way not only to maintain a correct posture by muscle toning but also to decrease the risk of osteoporosis condition where bones become weak.

10. Helps to Socialize: Community exercising at gyms and parks allows one to develop friendships and good relations with others. This helps develop a positive attitude.

Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise

A significant number of individuals who start an exercise program drop out within the first six months. By understanding the common barriers and implementing effective strategies, we can help people stay motivated and consistent.

Here are several evidence-based strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise:

1. Individualized and Tailored Programs

• Personalization: Programs should be tailored to the individual’s fitness level, health status, goals, and preferences. A one-size-fits-all approach is often a recipe for failure.
• Gradual Progression: Start with a manageable intensity and duration, gradually increasing the demands as fitness improves. This prevents burnout and injury.
• Enjoyable Activities: Help individuals find activities they genuinely enjoy. This could be anything from dancing or hiking to team sports or swimming. When exercise is fun, it’s less of a chore.

2. Goal Setting

• SMART Goals: Encourage setting goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. For example, instead of “I want to lose weight,” a better goal is “I will walk for 30 minutes, 4 days a week, for the next month.”
• Short-Term and Long-Term Goals: Break down large, long-term goals into smaller, more immediate ones. Achieving short-term goals provides a sense of accomplishment and builds momentum.
• Focus on Non-Scale Victories: Help individuals track progress beyond weight loss, such as improved sleep, increased energy, better mood, and the ability to perform daily tasks more easily.

3. Support Systems

• Social Support: Encourage individuals to exercise with a friend, partner, or in a group setting. Social accountability can be a powerful motivator.
• Professional Guidance: Working with a certified personal trainer, physical therapist, or exercise physiologist can provide expert guidance, motivation, and accountability.
• Family Involvement: Involve family members in the exercise routine, making it a shared activity and creating a supportive home environment.

4. Behavioral and Psychological Strategies

• Self-Monitoring: Encourage individuals to track their progress using an exercise log, a fitness tracker, or an app. This helps them see their achievements and stay on track.
• Positive Reinforcement: Celebrate milestones and reward effort. Rewards don’t have to be food-related; they could be a new workout outfit, a massage, or a weekend getaway.
• Overcoming Barriers: Help individuals identify potential barriers to exercise (e.g., time constraints, lack of motivation, fatigue) and develop strategies to overcome them.
• Cognitive Restructuring: Challenge negative thoughts about exercise. Help individuals reframe their thinking from “I have to exercise” to “I get to exercise for my health.”

5. Environmental and Logistical Factors

• Convenience: Make exercise as convenient as possible. This might involve choosing a gym close to home or work, or creating a workout space at home.
• Time Management: Help individuals schedule exercise just like any other important appointment. The best time to exercise is the time that works best for them and their schedule.
• Preparation: Encourage preparing for workouts in advance, such as laying out workout clothes the night before or packing a gym bag.

6. Education and Empowerment

Managing Expectations: Help individuals understand that progress is not always linear and that occasional setbacks are normal. The key is to get back on track without guilt or shame.

Understanding the “Why”: Educate individuals on the specific health benefits they can expect from their exercise routine. Understanding the “why” behind the “what” can be a powerful motivator.

Knowledge of Proper Form: Teach correct exercise form to prevent injuries, which are a major reason for exercise dropout.

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Aggression

Aggression refers to a range of behavior that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others, or objects in an environment. 

This type of social interaction harms another person, either physically or mentally. 

According to Richardson: Any form of behavior directed towards the goal of harming or injuring other’s lives.

Causes

Types of Aggression

1. Hostile (Reactive) Aggression

Hostile aggression is an emotional, and reactive act with the primary goal of causing harm, injury, or pain to an opponent.

• Definition: Aggression driven by anger with the intent to harm another person.
• Purpose: To inflict injury or pain.
• Example: A player punching an opponent during a game due to frustration. – A hockey player spearing an opponent with their stick. – A basketball player getting into a fight after a heated exchange.

2. Instrumental Aggression

Instrumental aggression is a planned, calculated, and goal-oriented behavior. The intent to harm is present, but it’s not the primary goal.

Intent: To achieve a goal (e.g., win the game, gain possession).

Motive: To gain a tactical advantage.

Examples:

• A defensive player in football grabbing an opponent’s jersey to slow them down.
• A tactical foul in soccer to stop a fast break, even if it might injure the opponent.
• A basketball player setting a hard screen to free up a teammate, knowing it might cause a collision.

3. Assertive Behavior

Legitimate forceful behavior within the rules, not intended to harm.

• Intent: To perform well or gain a competitive advantage legally.
• Example: A powerful but legal body check in ice hockey. – A strong, fair tackle in rugby or soccer to win the ball. – Boxing an opponent within the rules of the sport.

Psychological Attributes In Sports

Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self Talk, Goal Setting

Psychological attributes play a vital role in athletic performance, helping athletes develop mental toughness, focus, and resilience. These attributes are as crucial as physical training for achieving success.

Self Esteem

1. Self-Esteem

• Definition: An athlete’s overall sense of personal worth or value.
• Importance in Sports:
  • Affects confidence and motivation.
  • High self-esteem promotes resilience after failure.
  • Low self-esteem can lead to anxiety, self-doubt, and poor performance.
• Example: A gymnast with high self-esteem bounces back confidently after a fall and keeps performing at a high level.

Mental Imagery 

2. Mental Imagery (Visualization)

• Definition: The process of creating mental pictures of performance scenarios or desired outcomes.
• Importance in Sports:
  • Helps athletes rehearse skills mentally without physical effort.
  • Enhances focus, confidence, and muscle memory.
  • Reduces performance anxiety.
• Example: A sprinter visualizes the perfect start and finish before a race, mentally rehearsing every step.

Self Talk

3. Self-Talk

Definition: The internal dialogue athletes have with themselves during training or competition.

Types: Positive, Negative, Instructional, Motivational.

Importance in Sports:

• Positive self-talk boosts confidence and motivation.

• Instructional self-talk helps correct technique.

• Negative self-talk can hinder performance.

Example: A tennis player says, “Stay focused, you’ve got this” before serving under pressure.

Goal Setting

4. Goal Setting

Definition: The process of identifying specific, measurable, and time-bound objectives to improve performance.

Types of Goals:

Outcome Goals: Focused on results (e.g., winning).

Performance Goals: Based on personal standards (e.g., improving free throw percentage).

Process Goals: Focused on technique or actions (e.g., keeping form during a swing).

Importance in Sports:

• Directs attention and effort.

• Increases motivation and persistence.

• Provides measurable progress.

Example: A swimmer sets a goal to reduce lap time by 2 seconds within 3 weeks.

Psychology and sports chapter 9 CBSE, class 12 Physical Education notes. This cbse Physical Education class 12 notes has a brief explanation of every topic that NCERT  syllabus has.

You will also get ncert solutions, cbse class 12 Physical Education sample paper, cbse Physical Education class 12 previous year paper.

Frequently Asked Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which one is not a part of Big Five personality theory?

a. Agreeableness

b. Neuroticism

c. Ambiversion

d. Extroversion

2. One of Sheldon’s Personality Theories is

a. Introvert

b. Ectomorph

c. Extrovert

d. Ambivert

3. Which is not a technique of extrinsic motivation?

a. Reward

b. Punishment

c. Self-appraisal

d. Audiovisual aids

4. How many types of aggression are there in sports?

a. 5 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6

5. Which is not a type of motivation?

a. Intrinsic motivation

b. Social motivation

c. Extrinsic motivation

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

1. What is the role of psychology in sports?

Ans. Psychology plays a vital role in enhancing the performance of players to a great extent. Psychological factors like learning, interest, attitude, motivation, emotion, stress, etc., largely affect the performance of players. 

With the help of psychology, players as well as instructors can understand the weak areas and devise ways to bring improvement.

Therefore, the knowledge of psychology helps physical educators and coaches to understand the behavior of players and how desirable changes and modifications can be brought into their behavioral patterns to improve the level of their performance.

2. Explain the meaning of personality with the help of definitions.

Ans. Personality is basically a set of characteristics like attitude, habits, traits, etc., possessed by a person which greatly influences his motivation, emotion and behavior in different situations. 

It reveals the psychological makeup of an individual through his behavior. Personality is a dynamic and continuous process of learning in which an individual acquires different psychological characteristics. 

The word ‘personality’ is also used to represent all the factors inherited or acquired, which make up an individual. 

Some definitions of personality are as follows

According to Warren, “Personality is the entire organization of a human being at any stage of development.”  

According to Guildford, “Personality is an individual’s unique pattern of traits which distinguishes one individual from the other.” 

3. What are the types of personality as given by Sheldon?

Or Discuss the Sheldon types of personality in detail. (CBSE 2020)

Ans. The personality type on the basis of physical attributes is given by William Herbert Sheldon. These are as follows

(i) Endomorphs. They have a pear-shaped and rounded physique. They have short arms and legs. They are more inclined to become obese.

They are most suitable for activities in which great strength is required. Sports like weight-lifting and power-lifting are most suitable for endomorphs.

(ii) Ectomorphs. They are usually referred to as slim persons because their muscles and limbs are elongated. They have great difficulty in gaining weight.

They have flat chest and have less muscle mass. They are best suited for games and sports like gymnastics.

(iii) Mesomorphs. They are somewhere between endomorph and ectomorph.

They have broad shoulders, narrow waist (wedge shaped), muscular body, strong limbs and average body fat.

They are well proportioned. They are physically capable of doing a lot of activities and tend to be athletically aggressive. They are adventurous, energetic and competitive.     

4. Write any three personality types that are formulated by Carl Jung.

Ans. The types that are formulated by Carl Jung are described as follows

(i) Extroverts-Introverts An extrovert is more open as the direction of energy is derived and expressed in the external world, environment and surroundings. On the other hand, an introvert is mainly confined to the internal world.

(ii) Sensing-Intuition Sensing means that the person perceives information that he receives through the senses or external world.  

On the other hand, intuition means that the person believes mainly the information that he receives  through the inner self or imaginary world.

(iii) Thinking-Feeling Thinking means a person processes or makes a decision by logical reasoning.

On the other hand, feeling means that a person  processes information based on emotions.

5. Differentiate between Extroverts and Introverts.

Ans. The differences between extroverts and introverts are as follows:

Extroverts	Introverts
They are very outgoing, confident, lively and make friends easily.	They are reserved, too self-conscious and more interested in their own thoughts and ideas.
Actors politician group leaders are extroverts	Actors politicians group leaders are extroverts
Extroverts are more open as the direction of energy is derived and expressed in the external world,	Introverts are mainly confined to their internal world i.e. their own self.

6, Extrinsic motivation may sometimes kill intrinsic motivation Justify?

Ans. Intrinsic motivation is within the individual and guides him to perform better. It is based on needs, interests, nature, emotions, social needs etc.

Sometimes extrinsic motivation may kill intrinsic motivation because the physical appearance of something

i.e. reward or punishment has more influence on the mind of an athlete than his own desire to succeed. Therefore, it is important to encourage students to achieve excellence rather than rely on rewards and punishments only.

7. What is meant by motivation? Explain any two techniques of motivation for higher achievement in sports.    (All India 2017)

Ans. Motivation means a process through which an individual is inspired or stimulated to act in a particular fashion or manner towards a particular direction. Techniques of  motivation for higher achievement in sports are as follows

(i) Active Participation: Active involvement of the coach/teacher develops healthy competition and interaction between the students. Teachers are able to identify the problems and explain how to solve those problems.

(ii) Rewards Announcing. Rewards that will be given, once the tasks are completed successfully, has a great effect on a person’s performance.

For example, parents give chocolates to their children for good performance. Rewards are of various types and help in achieving the goal, like cash, prize, job, professional security, honor, social status, etc.

8. Discuss in detail any three techniques of motivation.    (CBSE 2020)

Ans. The three techniques of intrinsic motivation are as follows 

(i) Knowledge of the Goal. It is one of the most important techniques of motivation. A person should be made aware of the attainment of the goal. The player should be acquainted well with the aim and objectives of the goal.

For example, telling the player that the goal is to cover a 100 m distance in the shortest time. In this, knowledge of the goal helps the player to reach it,

(ii) Equipment and Surroundings. Modern equipment and healthy surroundings like well-maintained playgrounds, the latest sports equipment, etc., act: as motivating factors for high performance.

(iij) Positive Attitude. A positive attitude enhances the level of intrinsic motivation and helps in accepting external motivation, Sportsperson with a positive attitude gives his/her best to win the game.

Such people always show confidence in themselves despite having difficult situations. Coaches and trainers also play an important role in imparting a positive attitude. 

9. What are the types of aggression? (CBSE 2020)

Ans. There are three types of aggression in sports. They are as follows

(i) Instrumental Aggression. The main aim is to achieve a goal by using aggression. For example, a footballer uses aggression to tackle his opponent by high-intensity play without harming anyone.

(ii) Hostile Aggression. The main aim is to cause harm or injury to the opponent. It is usually an unplanned, impulsive reaction. For example, a bowler throws a bouncer to deliberately injure the batsman.

(iii) Assertive Behavior. It is also referred to as assertive aggression. It is generally seen as a positive form of aggression. On the ground, it simply means to stand up for your values in an unthreatening manner and involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve one’s goals.

10. Explain Assertive behavior in detail.

Ans. Assertive behavior is also referred to as assertive aggression. It is generally seen as a positive form of aggression. On the ground, it simply means to stand up for your values in an unthreatening manner and involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve one’s goals.

For an act to be assertive, it must be a goal-directed with no specific intention to harm along with the use of legitimate force with no rules broken.

Thus, assertive behavior should include four components tiz. it should be goal-oriented, should not be intended to harm, should use only legitimate force and should not break any rule of the sport. 

11. Why do players show hostile aggression on the field?

Ans. Players who want to achieve success quickly or are not able to manage their emotions, show hostile aggression towards another player.

Sometimes players lose their self-control or are not able to manage humiliation and feel hurt and insulted, then they show hostile aggression as a form of revenge. 

Usually, new players show greater hostility than experienced players. Such aggression is against the spirit of the game. Hostile aggression may also arise as a result of bad feelings, jealousy, insecurity, and threats. 

Here, the aim is to harm the player who becomes the reason for bad feelings. However, hostile aggression may be planned or unplanned to cause injury to the intended player on the field.

12. Distinguish between instrumental and hostile aggression.

Ans. The differences between instrumental and hostile aggression are as follows:

Instrumental Aggression	Hostile Aggression
It is a positive kind of aggression as the aim is to achieve a goal/target.	It is a negative kind of aggression as the aim is to cause harm or injury to others.
It arises from the need to excel and to do better.	It arises from insults, hurt feelings, jealousy and threats.
Here, the aim is to excel by improving their own performance	Here, the aim is to excel but devising ways to reduce the performance of others.

 Long Answer (LA) Type Questions

1. Explain the structure of personality. Describe the role of sports in developing the personality. (Delhi 2016)

Ans. The word ‘personality’ is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ meaning ‘the mask’. In ancient Greece, the actors used to wear masks to hide their identities while portraying their roles in a theatrical play.

To an ordinary person, the word ‘personality’ conveys the meaning of one’s physical appearance, his habits, his ways of dressing, his reputation, his manners and other similar characteristics. 

Sports plays an important role in developing the personality in the following ways

(i) Development of Physique. A good physique can be developed by regular training which becomes simple by participation in sports. A well-built physique exhibits a good personality that is attractive and impressive.

(ii) Relieves stress. Stress can be relieved by playing any type of sport. Sports help one combat anxiety, depression and stress. When the stress is relieved from the person, it improves the personality of that person,

(iii) Social Skills. Sports help in developing social skills as players play together. bond with each other, share their problems and worries as well as cooperate with each other.

(iv) Discipline. Sports help in making a person disciplined as it is essential to practise, and complete all the tasks on time without fear of failure. This helps in making a good personality.

2. What is a personality trait? Explain the related theory in detail.

Or Elaborate any three components of the Big Five Theory of personality. (CBSE 2020)

Ans. Personality trait refers to the qualities or characteristics that describe a personality. In order to classify different personalities, they are divided into five parts which is known as the Big Five personality model.

Each part of the model describes a personality trait which is as follows

(i) Openness. Refers to how a person is inclined to face cultural norms. Its characteristics are imagination, and insight. creativity, adventurous and abstract thinking. They are open to change.

(ii) Conscientiousness. Refers to a dutiful and disciplined life. The characteristics include a high level of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal-directed behaviors and risk-taking ability.

(iii) Extroversion. It refers to the type of emotional expression and attitude. It’s characteristics include sociability, talkativeness and assertiveness. It shows how social a person is, or how loving, caring and warm.

(iv) Agreeableness. Refers to attributes like cooperation, kindness, trust, affection and other social behaviors. It also shows a dependable, trustworthy and caring personality.

(v) Neuroticism. Refers to nervousness, worrying nature and anxiety. The characteristics are sadness, moodiness, emotional instability and irritability.

3. Discuss the psychological benefits of exercise in detail.

Ans. The psychological benefits of exercise are as follows

(i) Enhanced Mood. Exercise increases the supply of certain neurotransmitters in the brain that keep one happy as well as boosting endorphins which are ‘feel-good’ chemicals. These chemicals help in uplifting the mood, thereby reducing depression.

(ii) Reduces Anxiety and Stress. Exercise is correlated to a reduction in anxiety as exercise stimulates anti-anxiety. It removes the build-up of stress hormones in the body. Exercise also improves sleep which helps in reducing stress.

(iii) Improved Self-Esteem. Exercise has a positive influence on our perception of ourselves, providing a sense of accomplishment as we master skills, and improve our body image and self-worth. It is a part of a positive coping strategy.

(iv) Emotional Control. Exercise helps to control various emotions such as depression, anger and anxiety. It also helps to channel the emotions in a positive way. This helps in the overall development of an individual.

(v) Keep Mentally Fit. Regular exercise prevents degenerative diseases that occur with age. This prevents cognitive decline by keeping the brain healthy. As a result, a person doing regular exercise is mentally fit.

4. What are the reasons behind doing exercises?

Ans. The main reasons behind doing exercises are as follows

(i) Longevity People who are physically active live longer. Regular exercise habits reducesÅhe risk of dying prematurely.

(ii) Weight Control. Regular physical activity helps to reach and maintain a healthy weight. Exercises speed up the rate of energy usage, resulting in increased metabolism. When metabolism increases,  the body weight remains under control.

(iii) Bone Strength. An active lifestyle benefits bone density. Regular weight-bearing exercise promotes bone formation, delays bone loss and protects against osteoporosis (a form of bone loss associated with aging).

(iv) Strong Immune System. Regular exercise is beneficial for the immune system. Exercise or physical activity may help flush bacteria out of the lungs and airways.

This increases the immunity of the body and reduces the chance of getting a cold, flu, or other illness.

(v) Cholesterol Lowering Effect. Physical exercise favorably influences blood cholesterol levels in our body. Exercise positively alters cholesterol metabolism by increasing the production and action of several enzymes in the body.

(vi) Improves Psychological Health. Exercise plays a vital role in improving and maintaining our psychological or emotional health as it releases chemicals like endorphins into our brain which makes us feel happier,

It also helps in combating the problems of anxiety, depression and stress. It can help in improving the self-esteem and self-confidence of an individual.

(vii) Enhanced Physical Appearance. Exercise can enhance our physical appearance and help us to maintain a healthy physical appearance for a healthy life.

Case-Based Questions

1. Carl Lewis is a renowned long jumper. Whenever he is going to jump in a competition, he asks the audience to clap their hands till the completion of his jump. (CBSC Question Bank 2021) 

(i) What do you understand by motivation?

Ans. Motivation means inspiration, an inner urge to do something or to achieve a target or a goal.

(ii) How many types of motivation are there?

Ans. There are two types of motivation. These are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic means internally motivated and extrinsic means motivation from outside.

2. Vijay is a football player at Kennedy School. He is famous for his aggressive play on the field. Because of his aggression, he scored many goals. At the same time, he was punished for his aggressive behavior with his opponent.

(i) In what ways do players show aggressive behavior?

Ans. Players show aggressive behavior by hitting or using abusive language. They may also push, insult, or threaten other players.

(ii) What kind of aggression is shown by Vijay?

Ans. The land of aggression shown by Vijay is hostile aggression. He may have insulted, hurt, or used abusive languages against other players and he was punished for the same.

3. The knowledge of psychology helps the physical educators and the coaches to understand the behavior of players and how desirable changes and modifications can be brought into their behavioral patterns to improve the level of their performance. Based on this passage, answer the questions.

(i) What is sports psychology?

Ans. It is the branch of psychology that deals with the study of human behavior on the playing field, both under Preeti and in competitive situations, to bring out qualitative improvement.

(ii) Which psychological factors affects the players ?

Ans. Factors like interest, attitude, stress, motivation, aggression, jealousy, anxiety, etc, affects players.

Final Words

From the above article you must have learnt about ncert cbse class 12 Physical Education notes of chapter 9 Psychology and sports. We hope that this crisp and latest Physical Education class 12 Term 2 notes will definitely help you in your exam.