The Rise of Nationalism In Europe MCQ | Class 10 Chapter 1 | 2024

Last updated on July 14th, 2024 at 05:34 pm

The Rise of Nationalism In Europe

Idea of the Nation

● The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century. It marked the downfall of feudalism and the beginning of the Renaissance which literally means ‘Rebirth’.

● The feeling of nationalism was illustrated by a French artist named Frédéric Sorrieu. In 1848, he prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’, as he called them.

● The painting depicted his dream of a world free of the absolutist institutions and the establishment of democratic and social

republics. It also illustrated the Statue of Liberty holding a torch of Enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man.

● The concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and nationalism dominated the social and political scene of Europe in the 19th century.

French Revolution: Beginning and Salient Features

● Till 1789 France was under absolute monarchy. 

● However, the French Revolution in 1789 was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the formation of a constitutional monarchy. thereby, a remarkable reduction in the royal and feudal privileges.

● It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of national identity and national pride, which can aptly be called Nationalism.

● The revolution transferred the sovereignty from the monarch to the people.

● The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) were adopted.

● The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly, which was elected by the body active citizens.

● French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a promise of liberating the people from their despotic rulers.

Napoleon (1769-1821)

● Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.

● Assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.

● Introduced the Civil Code in 1804 which also came to be known as the Napoleonic Code.

● The Code established equality before the law and abolished all privileges based on birth.

● It also abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.

● Transport and communication system were approved.

● Taxation and censorship were imposed and military services were made mandatory.

Rise of Conservatism and Revolutionaries

● The middle class believed in freedom and equality of all individuals before the law. Liberalism was used to end aristocracy and clerical privileges. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the European government adopted the idea of Conservatism.

● Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.

● After 1815, several liberals began working in secret societies all over Europe to propagate their views and train revolutionaries. Revolutionaries were seen as a threat to the restored monarchies, and hence, were repressed.

● Giuseppe Mazzini, a famous Italian revolutionary, was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was part of a secret society called Carbonari and founded two underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young Europe in Berne.

● In 1831, Mazzini was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed in the unification of the small kingdoms and principalities in Italy. These societies were joined by like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.

National Feeling

● Liberalism and Nationalism became associated with the revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.

● The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.

● The Greek War of Independence was another event which mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite in Europe. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

● Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.

● Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.

● Russian language was imposed everywhere.

● The 1830s saw a rise in prices, bad harvest and poverty in Europe. Besides the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and even educated middle classes revolted.

● In 1848, a large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. The issue of extending political rights to women became a controversial one.

● Conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, but could not restore the old order.

● After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.

● After 1848, nationalist sentiments were often mobilized by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. The unification of Italy and Germany came about through this process.

Unification of Germany (1866-1871)

● In 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state under an elected parliament.

● In Prussia, nation-building acts were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military and were supported by the large landowners called Junkers.

● Prussia took over the leadership of the movement.

● Otto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia, was the architect in the process of nation-building.

● Prussia emerged victorious after fighting three wars over seven years against the combined forces of Austria, Denmark and France and the process of unification of Germany was completed.

● On 18th January, 1871, the new German Empire headed by the German Emperor Kaiser William I was declared in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.

● The German Empire focused on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems.

● The unification of Germany established Prussian dominance in Europe.

Unification of Italy

● Italy was divided into seven states.

● Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.

● North Italy was under Austrian Habsburgs. The central part was under the Pope.

● The southern regions were under the Bourbon Kings of Spain. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a coherent programme for uniting the Italian. Republic and formed a secret society called Young Italy.

●The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 prompted King Victor Emmanuel II from Sardinia-Piedmont to unify the Italian states.

● Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Count Cavour led the movement for the unification of Italy.

● In the year 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont with an alliance with France defeated the Austrian forces.

● In 1860, Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into southern Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies, and drove out the Spanish rulers.

● In 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.

Britain History

● Britain has a different history of how it consolidated as a nation-state without uprisings and revolutions.

● The British Isles was inhabited by ethnic English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. The English nation grew more in power and wealth, and it began to exert influence over the other nations of the islands.

● The concept of nation states, with England as the center, came in 1688 after the Parliament snatched power from the monarchy. In 1707, the Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain’.

● To ensure the growth of British identity, Scotland’s cultural and political institutions were suppressed. The British imposed control over Ireland as well. Ireland was deeply divided into two groups, Catholics and Protestants. The English favored the Protestants and helped them establish their dominance over a largely Catholic Ireland.

● In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt. The symbols of new Britain were the English language, the British flag (Union Jack) and the British national anthem (God Save Our Noble King).

Visualizing the Nation

● Nation was personified in the female form by the artists of the 19th century.

● Female allegories such as that of liberty, justice and republic were invented.

● In Germany, Germania became the allegory of the nation.

● In France, the idea of a people’s nation was Christened Marianne. She was characterized by the ideas of Liberty and Republic.

● Marianne’s fasces or a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle was used to symbolize strength in unity. The red Phrygian cap signified freedom of a slave. It was also known as the Liberty Cap. French people wore these caps a few days before the storming of the Bastille.

● These symbols were usually popular images from everyday life that uneducated masses could easily identify with.

● During revolutions, artists represented a nation as a person. This personification gave life to an abstract concept like a nation.

Nationalism and Imperialism:

● Through the 18th and the mid 19th century, Europe was marked by a lot of chaos and turmoil. After 1871, there was a significant change in the concept of nationalism in Europe.

● Nationalist groups in Europe had become increasingly incompatible with each other and were constantly in conflict. The major European powers, namely Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary began taking advantage of nationalism in Europe to materialize their aims for Imperialism.

● The European powers sighted the much-to disturbed Balkan region to fulfill their imperialist goals. The Balkan region consisted of the following countries of our times- Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.

Important Dates

• 1789: French Revolution.
• 1797: Napoleon invaded Italy: Napoleonic wars began..
• 1799 to 1815: Napoleon ruled France,
• 1804: Napoleonic Code was introduced that did away with all the privileges based on birth. It upheld equality before the law.
• 1807: Mazzini was born in Genoa.
• 1814-15: Fall of Napoleon, the Vienna Peace Settlement.
• 1815: Napoleon defeated by the European powers.
• 1821: Greek struggle for independence began.
• 1831: Mazzini sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria
• 1830: The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830; Period of Economic Crisis in Europe.
• 1832: Greece gained independence.
• 1834: Zollverein or the Customs Union was formed in Prussia to abolish tariff barriers.
• 1848: Revolutions in Europe; Artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against economic hard-ships; middle classes demanded constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc., demanded nation-states.
• 1707: The Act of Union was passed.
• 1801: Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom a failed Irish revolt.
• 1848: Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into Nation-state.
• 1855: The Kingdom of Sardinia participated from the sides of British and French in the Crimean War.
• 1858: Cavour formed an alliance with France.
• 1859-1870: Unification of Italy.
• 1859: Sardinia-Piedmont formed an alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces. Large number of people under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the movement.
• 1860: Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and drove out the Spanish rulers.
• 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the King of United Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.
• 1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
• 1871: The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor.

Important Terms

Nationalism: An ideology which emphasizes faithfulness, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations out-weigh other individual or group interests.

Feudalism: A social system existing in medieval Europe in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return.

Renaissance: The revival of European art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th-16th centuries.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: These words are regarded as the most famous slogan of the French Revolution. Men and women are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the common good.

Absolute Monarchy: A monarchy in which the monarch holds the supreme or absolute powers. A monarchy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution.

Constitutional Monarchy: It is a system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

La patrie: It is a French word used for fatherland.

Le citoyen: It is the French word used for the citizens

Napoleonic Code: The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon, is known as the Napoleonic Code. This Code did away with all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

Liberalism: It is a political and moral philosophy which is based on liberty, equality before the law and consent of the governed.

Conservatism: It is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institution in the context of culture and civilization.

Giuseppe Mazzini: A famous Italian revolutionary who was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was part of a secret society called Carbonari and founded two underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.

The French Revolution was primarily caused due to the financial crisis and it began with the Storming of the Bastille, 14th July 1789. In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until he died on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51.

The Greek War of Independence: It was a successful war waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire.

Romanticism: A cultural movement that rejected science and reason and introduced heart and emotions. The concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared collective heritage and a common cultural past for arousing nationalism.

Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity and functions as a complete and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19th century Europe as a result of the development of nationalism.

Prussia: A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland.

Otto von Bismarck: He was the architect of a Prussian consolidation that was also a form of German unification. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfully pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades.

Emperor Kaiser William 1: He was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death in 1888.

Victor Emmanuel II: He was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March, 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century.

The Union Jack: It is the de facto national flag of the United Kingdom.

Female allegories: They were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation.

Allegory: It is a poem, story, play, etc. in which characters and events represent qualities or ideas relating to morals, religion or politics. There is hidden meaning implied

to be interpreted by the readers.

Imperialism: The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force or other means.

Frequently Asked Questions

MCQ 1 – 55

1.The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as 

(a) Code of Conduct 

(b) Napoleonic Code

      (c) Dao Volk   

      (d) Treaty of Versailles 

2. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the 

      (a) Parliament      (b) Constitution 

      (c) Empire           (d) National Assembly

3. Unification of Italy took place between 

      (a)  1859-1870      (b) 1866-1871

      (c)    1814-1815    (d) 1859-1905

4. Unification of Germany took place between 

    (a) 1814-1815    (b) 1821-1848

    (c) 1866-1871    (d) 1797-1905

5. What did the idea Of le citoyen signify in the French Revolution?

    (a) The motherland (b) The fatherland

    (c) The citizens    (d) The community

6. The term das volk means :

(a) Common people

      (b)    German philosopher

      (c)    Folk dance

      (d)    Folk poetry

7. He was the Chief Minister and the chief architect of the movement for national unification of Prussia :  

(a) Kaiser William I

      (b)    Otto von Bismarck

      (c)    Hitler

       (d)    Giuseppe Mazzini

8. He had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic :

(a) King Victor Emmanuel Il

      (b)    Kaiser William I

      (c)    Giuseppe Mazzini

      (d)    Chief Minister Cavour

9. He was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861 :

(a) Victor Emmanuel Il

      (b)    Giuseppe Mazzini

      (c)    Kaiser William I

      (d)    Otto von Bismarck

10. The olive branch around the sword signifies :

(a) Being freed

      (b)    Readiness to fight

      (c)    Heroism

      (d)    Willingness to make peace

11. Which among the following best AlgniReg the Idea of liberal nationalism of nineteenth century Europe.

(a) Emphasis on social justice

      (b)    State planned socio-economic system

      (c)    Freedom for individual and equality before law

      (d)    Supremacy of State oriented nationalism

12. “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”. Who among the following said this popular line ?     

(a) Giuseppe Mazzini

      (b)    Metternich

      (c)    Otto von Bismarck

      (d)    Giuseppe Garibaldi

13. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of nationalism ?  

(a) French Revolution

      (b)    Russian Revolution

      (c)    Glorious Revolution

      (d)    The Revolution of the liberals

14. Which of the following countries is considered as the ‘Cradle of civilisation’?

(a) England      (b) Greece 

      (c) France         (d) Russia

15. Germany was unified by :

(a) The military actions

      (b)    Revolutionary upsurge 

      (c)    Peasants uprising

      (d)    Liberals revolution

16. In which century nationalism emerged in Europe :

(a) 16th century    (b) 20th century

      (c) 19th century    (d) 17th century

17. In which part of Great Britain, existed a sharp divide between the Catholics and the Protestants?

(a) England    (b) Scotland

      (c) Ireland             (d) None of the above 

18. Who were the ‘Junkers’?

      (a) Soldiers           (b) Large landowners

      (c) Aristocracy      (d) Weavers

19. Which of the following statements testifies the beliefs of the conservatives?

(a) Traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved,

     (b)    Markets should not be controlled by the state.

     (c)    Autocracy and clerical privileges should be ended.

     (d)    Monarchy should be abolished.

20. Who founded the revolutionary militia ‘Red Shire?

(a) Wilson      (b) Tsar Alexander Il

      (c) Garibaldi    (d) Metternich

21. Study the picture and answer the question that follows :

Which of the following aspects best Aignifieg the image given below ?

(a) Romanticism (b) Conservatism 

      (c) Federalism     (d) Feminism 

22.  What does the above image depict? 

(a) A poster hung on wall

      (b)    Postage stamp with picture of Marianne

      (c)    Picture of Germania, Philip Veit     

      (d)    Caricature of Otto van Bismarck 

23. Identify the following and choose the correct option:

(i) It was signed in 1707.

(ii) It was signed between England and Scotland.

(iii) It resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Options :

    (a) Treaty of Constantinople

    (b)    Treaty of Paris

    (c)    Act of Union

    (d)    Treaty of Vienna

24. Identify the revolutionary and choose the correct option:

(i) He was an Italian revolutionary.

(ii) He founded two secret societies, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Bern.

(iii) Mettemich described him as ‘ the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Options :

    (a) Giuseppe Mazzini (b) Karol Kurpinski

    (c) Louis Philippe    (d) Giuseppe Garibaldi

25. ——- means ‘Rebirth’. 

26. ——- was a female allegory, which represented the people’s nation in France.

27. The process of the unification of the Italy was led by  ——–

28. Symbol of    —— means readiness to fight.

29. The feelings of nationalism was illustrated by a French  artist named ——

30. Correct the following statement and rewrite : During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into five states.

31. Correct the following statement and rewrite : Chief Minister Garibaldi who led the movement to the regions of Germany was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.

32. Correct the following statement and rewrite :

Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and Italy ended in Prussian Victory.

33. Name the countries conquered by Napoleon.

34. Explain the significance of the Civil Code of 1804 in France. 

35. Discuss the importance of language and popular  tradition in the creation of national identity.

36. Which state led the Unification of Germany ?

37. Which secret society was attended by Giuseppe Mazzini ?

38. Name the countries which met in Vienna Congress  1815.

39. What did John Gottfried, a German Philosopher, believe ?

40. What was the most serious source of naåonalist tension that evolved after 1871 in Europe ?

41. What is a nation-state?

42. Interpret the concept of ‘liberalisaåon’ in the field of economic sphere during the nineteenth century in Europe.     

43. Complete the following table :

44. Arrange the following events in correct sequence :

(i) Defeat of Napoleon by European powers

(ii) The First World War

(iii) Unification of Germany 

(iv) Treaty of Constantinople Options :

1. (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)  

      (b) (ii)-(iii)-(iv)-(i)

      (c) (i)-(iv)-(iii)-(ii)   

      (d) (ii)-(iv)-(iii)-(i)

45.   

(i) Slav nationalism gathered force in the  Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.

(ii) Unification of Germany.

(iii) Victor Emmanuel Il was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.

(iv) The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor.

Options :

        (a) (iv)-(ii)-(iii)-(i)     (b) (iii)-(iv)-(ii)-(i)

        (c) (iii)-(ii)-(iv)-(i)  (d) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)

46.   

(i) Treaty of Constantinople

(ii) First upheaval took place in France

(iii) Lord Byron died

(iv) Greek struggle for independence begins Options :

      (a) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)    (b) (ii)-(iv)-(i)-(iii) 

      (c) (iv)-(iii)-(ii)-(i)    (d) (iii)-(iv)-(ii)-(i)

47. Complete the following :

The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece

48. Complete the following:

French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create ——- 

49. The Treaty of Vienna was concluded between Britain, Russia, Prussia and Italy.   

(True/False)

50. Giuseppe Garibaldi convinced the King of Prussia to  unite all of Germany under his leadership.

(True/False) 

51. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, women carried out the fight for the vote through an international suffrage movement. (True/False)

52. Germany and Italy were the first two nation states to emerge in Europe. 

(True/False) 

53. After the French Revolution, French, as it was spoken   in the western part of France, became the common language of the French nation. 

(True/False)

54. Match the following :

55. Match the following:

Assertion and Reasoning

56. Assertion : Britain, France and Germany fought as a team.

Reason : Russia, Prussia and Austria were great powers. Options :

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

      (b)    Both Assertion and Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

     (c)    Assertion is true but Reason is false.

     (d)    Assertion is false but Reason is true.

57. Assertion : The Chancellor of Prussia and main architect for the unification of Germany who believed in the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ was Otto von Bismarck. 

Reason : The ruler of Prussia during the unification of Germany was Kaiser William I.

 Options :

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

      (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

       (c)    Assertion is true but Reason is false.

       (d)    Assertion is false but Reason is true.

58. Assertion : Following the defeat of Napoleon, European governments were driven by a spirit of liberalism.   

Reason : Mazzini was a member of the secret society called Carbonari.

Options :

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

      (b)    Both Assertion and Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

      (c)    Assertion is true but Reason is false.

      (d)    Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Case Based MCQs

59. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow :

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France, as you would remember, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and consåtutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. 

The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

The ideas la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. 

A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard, The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 

Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

(i) What were the effects of political and constitutional changes after the French Revolution?

1. Transfer of sovereignty from a body of French citizens to the monarchy

      (b)    Transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to the French government

      (c)    Transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens

      (d)    Transfer of sovereignty from the body of French citizens to the French constitution

(ii) Which system formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory?

1. Centralised administrative system

      (b)    La patrie and le citoyen 

      (c)    French revolutionaries 

      (d)    French citizens 

(iii) Who was elected by the body of active citizens?

(a) La patrie

      (b)    La citoyen 

      (c)    Jacobins     

      (d)    The Estates General 

(iv) Why were regional dialects discouraged?

(a) To bring sovereignty to a body of French citizens

      (b)    To create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people

      (c)    To commemorate the martyrs

      (d)    To replace the former royal standard

60. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.

 Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. You will recall that in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. 

Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all male adult males enjoy suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. 

Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and  non-propertied men organized opposition movements demanding equal political rights. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. 

The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A   wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. 

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

(i) Which was the dominant class on the continent?

      (a)    Landed aristocracy

      (b)    Jacobins

      (c)    Peasants and small landowners

      (d)    Slavs  

(ii) Under whose period did all adult males enjoy suffrage?

        (a) Napoleon    (b) Louis WI

        (c) Jacobins    (d) Socialists

(iii) Why did women and non-propertied men  organize opposition movements throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century?

      (a)    Demanding for property

      (b)    Demanding membership in Jacobin club

      (c)    Demanding equal distribution of wealth

     (d)    Demanding equal political rights

(iv) What was formed at the initiative of Prussia, which abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two? 

     (a) Centralised administrative system

     (b)    Zollverein

     (c)    Napoleonic Code

     (d)    Landed aristocracy

Answers

1. Napoleonic Code

2. National Assembly

3. 1859-1870 

4. 1866-1871 

5. The citizens

6. Common people

7. Otto von Bismarck

8. Giuseppe Mazzini

9. Victor Emmanuel Il

10. Willingness to make peace

11. (c) Freedom for individual and equality before law

12. (b) Metternich

13. (a) French Revolution

14. (b) Greece

15. (a) nie military actions

16. (c) 19th century

17. (c) Ireland

18. (b) Large landowners

19. (a) Traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved.

20. (c) Garibaldi

21. (a) Romanticism

 22. (b) Postage stamp with picture of Marianne

23. (c) Act of Union

24. (a) Giuseppe Mazzini

25. Renaissance

26. Marianne

27. Sardinia-Piedmont

28. Sword

29. Frederic Sorrieu

30. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states.

31. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.

32. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian Victory.

33. Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy.

34. The significance of Civil Code of 1804 was that it abolished the centuries-old privileges that aristocrats inherited upon their birth.

35. The language and popular traditions of a specific region remind people of their shared past, and give a feeling of collective identity to the people.

36. Prussia led the Unification of Germany.

37. Giuseppe Mazzini became a member of the secret society of Carbonari.

38.    (i) Britain    (ii) Russia

    (iii) Prussia    (iv) Austria

39. John Gottfried, a German philosopher, believed that the true German culture was to be discovered among dag volk (common people).

40. The most significant source of nationalist tension was the ‘Balkan tension’ that surfaced in Europe after 1871.

41. A state in which the majority of its citizens and rulers develop a sense of common identity and share a history of descent.

42. In the economic sphere, liberalisation stood for freedom of market and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

43.

44. (c) (i)-(iv)-(iii)-(ii)

45. (c) (iii)-(ii)-(iv)-(i)

46. (c) (iv)-(iii)-(ii)-(i)

47.  as an independent nation.

48. a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

49. False

50. False

51. False

52. False

53. False

54. 1-(b), 2-(d), 3-6), 4-(c)

55. 1-(b), 2-(d), 3-6), 4-(c)

56. (d) Assertion is false as Germany fought against the Triple Entente, which consisted of British, France and Russia. Hence, Assertion is false but Reason is true.

57. (b) A is correct as Bismarck the Chancellor of Prussia was the architect of Germany. As a far-sighted statesman, he believed that bursts of sentiments have no place in politics. 

He firmly believed that he could achieve his objective of unification of Germany by the policy of blood and iron. He was known as the man of ‘Blood and Iron’ or Iron chancellor as he used forceful methods.

R is correct as Kaiser William I was crowned as the Prussian king in a ceremony held at Versailles. There were three continuous wars for over a period of seven years with Austria, Denmark,  and France which ended this year and completed the unification of Germany. But reason is not the   correct explanation of the assertion. 

58. (d) Following the defeat of Napoleon, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Mazzini was a member of the secret society called Carbonari. Hence, the assertion is false but the reason is true.

59. (i) (c) Transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to body of French citizens

(ii) (a) Centralised administraåve system 

(iii) (d) The Estates General

(iv) (b) To create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people

60.   

(i) (a) Landed aristocracy

(ii) (c) Jacobins

(iii) (d) Demanding equal political rights

(iv) (b) Zollverein

Final Words

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