UGC NET Physical Education Unit 10 Notes | Sports Management 2024

Last updated on July 14th, 2024 at 05:48 am

UGC NET Physical Education Unit 10 Notes 

If you want to prepare Sports Management for UGC NET Physical Education Unit 10 notes for the final paper, and want to clear the exam on the first attempt, then you are at the right place.

In the article, you will get NTA UGC NET Physical Education Unit 10 notes, and question answers of unit 10 which are based on previous years’ papers. 

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 Sports Management

Sports management deals with sports and recreation. It is management that involves any combination of skills that correspond with planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting, leading, or evaluating any organization or business within the sports field. It has its origins in the Physical Education Department.

– Father of management – Henry Fayol

– The earliest theory of management was developed by Henry Fayol.

– Earliest theory of management by Henry Fayol was named as Modern Management theory

– Scientific theory of management was developed by Fredrick Taylor.

– Sports marketing – Sports general works on four “P” (Product, price, promotion & Place)

– Six M‟s of Management – Men/Women, Money, Machines, Materials, Methods, and Market

Management Thinkers   

1. Henry Fayol  – Functions – Forecasting, Planning, organizing, commanding coordinating, and controlling

2. Lyndall Urwick – Functions – Planning, organizing, commanding coordinating, communicating, for-casting, and investigation 

3. Maynard and Barger –  Planning, Executing, reviewing 

4. Luther Gullick – Coined the word POSDCORB to describe the functions: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, responding, and budgeting 

5. Newman and Summer – Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling 

6. Koontz and O’Donnell – Planning, organizing (staffing), directing, leading, and controlling (5).

7. James A. Stoner – Planning, organizing, leading, controlling 

8. Harold Smiddy – Summed up in self-coined word POIM: planning, organizing, integration, and measuring (4).

9. G.R. Terry – Planning, organizing, motivation controlling.

Classification of Functions of Management:

1. Forecasting –

Forecasting is the process of estimating future events for the purpose of effective planning and decision-making. It is one of the most critical organizational functions as the forecast enables managers to anticipate the future and plan accordingly.

2. Planning

Planning is looking ahead. According to Henri Fayol, drawing up a good plan of action is the hardest of the five functions of management. This requires the active participation of the entire organization. 

With respect to time and implementation, planning must be linked to and coordinated on different levels. Planning must take the organization’s available resources and flexibility of personnel into consideration as this will guarantee continuity.

3. Organizing

An organization can only function well if it is well-organized. This means that there must be sufficient capital, staff, and raw materials so that the organization can run smoothly and that it can build a good working structure. 

An organizational structure with a good division of functions and tasks is of crucial importance. When the number of functions increases, the organization will expand both horizontally and vertically. This requires a different type of leadership. Organizing is an important function of the five functions of management.

4. Commanding

When given orders and clear working instructions, employees will know exactly what is required of them. Return from all employees will be optimized if they are given concrete instructions with respect to the activities that must be carried out by them. 

Successful managers have integrity, communicate clearly and base their decisions on regular audits. They are capable of motivating a team and encouraging employees to take initiative.

5. Coordinating

When all activities are harmonized, the organization will function better. Positive influencing of employees’ behavior is important in this. 

Coordination, therefore, aims at stimulating motivation and discipline within the group dynamics. This requires clear communication and good leadership. Only through positive employee behavior management can the intended objectives be achieved.

6. Controlling

By verifying whether everything is going according to plan, the organization knows exactly whether the activities are carried out in conformity with the plan.

Control takes place in a four-step process:

• Establish performance standards based on organizational objectives
• Measure and report on actual performance
• Compare results with performance and standards
• Take corrective or preventive measures as needed

7. Reporting

Reporting refers to keeping the channels of communication open both ways throughout the organization. This helps in reporting the progress of the work to the superior authorities and lets them make modifications to the plan if required. 

Similarly, all the essential exchange of information such as problems of employees, new regulations, appreciation, etc. can be easily shared with the concerned parties with less time and with minimal distortions.

E.g. There will be weekly or bi-weekly meetings held in each of the departments where the progress of the period will be reported to and discussed with the departmental head.

8. Budgeting

Finance is the lifeblood of any organization. Appropriate and consistent account of every penny spent is crucial for the survival and prosperity of any organization. Resources – man, money, material, and time – should be allocated to each and every work center or project in advance and the employees responsible should be held accountable for their stipulated usage.

But now only the first four (planning, organizing, staffing, and directing) + Evaluation is now considered.

Management Theories

Management theories are the set of general rules that guide managers to manage an organization. Theories are an explanation to assist employees to effectively relate to the business goals and implement effective means to achieve the same.

General Management Theories:

There are four general management theories.

1. Frederick Taylor – Theory of Scientific Management (1890-1940)

2. Henri Fayol – Administrative Management Theory.

3. Max Weber – Bureaucratic Theory of Management(1930-1950)

4. Elton Mayo – Behavioral Theory of Management (Hawthorne Effect).

Theories of Management In Figure

Classical Approach

It is a formal system of organization that clearly defines hierarchy levels and roles in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness.

1. Henri Fayol’s administrative management theory:

Henri Fayol known as the Father of Management laid down the 14 principles of Management.-

1. Division of Work – When employees are specialized, the output can increase because they become increasingly skilled and efficient.

2. Authority – Managers must have the authority to give orders, but they must also keep in mind that with authority comes responsibility.

3. Discipline – Discipline must be upheld in organizations, but methods for doing so can vary.

4. Unity of Command – Employees should have only one direct supervisor.

5. Unity of Direction – Teams with the same objective should be working under the direction of one manager, using one plan. This will ensure that action is properly coordinated.

6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest – The interests of one employee should not be allowed to become more important than those of the group. This includes managers.

7. Remuneration(payment for work done) – Employee satisfaction depends on fair remuneration for everyone. This includes financial and non-financial compensation.

8. Centralization – This principle refers to how close employees are to the decision-making process. It is important to aim for an appropriate balance.

9. Scalar Chain – Employees should be aware of where they stand in the organization’s hierarchy or chain of command.

10. Order – The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy, and safe for employees. Everything should have its place.

11. Equity – Managers should be fair to staff at all times, both maintaining discipline as necessary and acting with kindness where appropriate.

12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel – Managers should strive to minimize employee turnover. Personnel planning should be a priority.

13. Initiative – Employees should be given the necessary level of freedom to create and carry out plans.

14. Esprit de Corps – Organizations should strive to promote team spirit and unity. It is a feeling of pride and mutual loyalty shared by the members of a group.

2). Frederick Taylor’s theory of scientific management:

Taylor’s theory of scientific management aimed at improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. Taylor had a simple view about what motivates people at work – money. 

He felt that workers should get a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work, and that pay should be linked to the amount produced. Therefore he introduced the DIFFERENTIAL PIECE RATE SYSTEM, of paying wages to the workers.

Taylor’s Differential Piece Rate Plan:

• If Efficiency is greater than the defined Standard then workers should be paid 120 % of the Normal Piece Rate.

• If Efficiency is less than standard, workers should be paid 80% of the Normal Piece Rate.

Principles of Scientific Management.

The four Principles of Scientific Management are:

1. Time and motion study: – Study the way jobs are performed and find new ways to do them.

2. Teach, train and develop the workman with improved methods of doing work. Codify the new methods into rules.
3. The interest of employers & employees should be fully harmonized so as to secure mutually understanding relations between them.

4. Establish fair levels of performance and pay a premium for higher performance.

According to Taylor – Scientific management is considered “the art of knowing what you want to do and seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest.

3. Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory of Management

Weber made a distinction between authority and power. Weber believed that power reduces obedience through force or the threat of force which induces individuals to adhere to regulations. According to Max Weber, there are three types of power in an organization:-

1. Traditional Power 

2. Charismatic Power

3. Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.

Features of Bureaucracy:

1. Division of Labor.
2. Formal Hierarchical Structure.
3. Written Documents.
4. Only Legal Power is Important.
5. Formal and Impersonal relations.

II. Neoclassical  Approach (1930-60)

The founder of the Neo-classical Approach is George Elton Mayo. This theory tells us about interpersonal and social relations whereas classical theory was very formal and did not explain the complex phenomenon.

Behavioral Science Approach

• Hawthorne effect
• Interpersonal and human relation approach

4. Elton mayo’s behavioral theory of management:

Elton Mayo’s experiments showed an increase in worker productivity was produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out, involved, and made to feel important. 

Hawthorne Effect can be summarized as “Employees will respond positively to any novel change in a work environment like better illumination, clean work stations, relocating workstations, etc. Employees are more productive because they know they are being studied.

a) Hawthorne effect – Focused on behavior in the work place. According to the human element is most important.

Elton mayo explained, “A happy worker is a good worker”.

Man is a measure of all the things, satisfy them”.

b) Behavioral approach – for a better understanding of human relations and behaviors.

c) Human relation approach is explained by Harold Koontz as “human relations”, “Leadership”, or behavioral sciences”. This approach explains and concentrates on the “people” part of management and rests on the principle that where people work together as groups in order to accomplish objectives, “people should understand people”.

Other theories are:-

System Management Theory

System Management offers an alternative approach to planning. Add management of the organization. This systems management theory proposes that business, like the human body, consists of multiple components that work harmoniously.

So the largest system can function optimally. According to the theory, the success of an organization depends on several key elements, energy, interdependence, and interrelation between various subsystems. 

Contingency Management Theory. 

The main concept behind the contingency management theory is that no one. Management approach suits every organization.

There are several external and internal factors that will ultimately affect the chosen management approach. The contingency theory identifies 3 variables that are likely to influence an organization’s structure. The size of an organization, the technology being employed, and the style of leadership.

Decision-making and leadership approach–

Davis (1951) considered it “the function of working leadership anywhere. This is the work of planning, organizing, and controlling actions of the organization to achieve the organizational objectives.

Difference Between Management Organization And Administration

Management is the art of getting things done through others by directing their efforts toward the achievement of pre-set goals.

Administration focuses on formulating broad objectives, plans and policies.

Spiegel claimed: “ Administration means the overall determination of the policies, the setting up of major objectives, the laying out of broad programs, while management is essentially the executive function involving the actual direction of human efforts.

Administration means overall determinative and management is largely executive.

Organization applies to any group of people formally formed into a body purporting to pursue certain specific objectives.

For Example, YMCA, Indian National Congress

Difference Between Sports Organization & Sports Administration

Sports Managers manage the business of sports. He/she will be to manage player’s contracts, Marketing, and finances of the individual players or team,

Whereas

Sports Administrators are intimately involved with maintaining the health and well-being of their athletes.

Sequence of An Organization

• International sports federation 
• National Sports Association 
• Sports State Association 
• District Sports Association
• Sports Club

Management Styles

Traditional

• Authoritarian or Autocratic
• Democratic or equalitarian Style
• Laissez faire

Modern Management Style

i) Scientific Management (By Taylor)

ii) Process Approach/Administrative Approach (By Henry Fayol)

iii) The Hawthorne Effect (By Elton Mayo)

iv) Management by objectives (By peter Drucker)

v) Bureaucratic Management

vi) Technocratic Management

UGC NET Physical Education Unit 10 Notes And Questions 

1. The ability to see the enterprise/sports organization as a whole is called

a. Human skill

b. Conceptual skill

      (c) Mechanical skill

      (d) None of the above.

Answer: B

2. The use of a particular method of teaching depends upon

a. Skill of the teacher

b. Sex of the teacher

      (c) Age of the teacher

      (d) None of the above.

Answer: A

3. Biological sciences and suggest

a. Physical exercises balanced nutrition is interrelated

b. Variety of activity sustain interest

      (c) Games and sports are great social experience

       (d)    Playfield does not recognize any distinction of cast, language, creed color, etc.

Answer: A

4 Free hand activities generally done in group is called

(a) plyometrics

(b) Calisthenics

(c) Drill and marching

(d) Weight training.

Answer: A

5. Which of the following is the first step in sports programming?

     (a)    Directing

     (b)    Staffing

     (c)    Planning

     (d)    Budgeting.

Answer: C

6. Terms Administration and Management are

a. Synonymous to each other

b. Entirely different from each other

      (c) Somewhat similar to each other

      (d)    All the above.

Answer: B

7. Sports management is

a. An art

b. A science

      (c) Both a & b

       (d)    None of the above.

Answer: C

8. The first step in planning process is

a. Determination of objectives

b. Resource mobilization

      (c) Constraints identification

      (d) Evaluation of alternatives Answer: A

9. Which of the following does not come under the purview of constraint identification in sports management?

a. Geographical

b. Physiological

      (c) Economical

      (d)    Social.

Answer: D

10. The plan in which only the chief executive dictates initiates and monitors is called

a. Democratic plan

b. Participative plan

       (c) Authoritarian plan

      (d)    None of the above.

Answer: C

11. ‘Getting the right facts to the right people at the right time in the right way’ is called

a. Game management

b. Public relations in sports

       (c) Motivation for sports

       (d)    Leadership in sports.

Answer: B

12. The last link of the sports management chain is

(a) Control and evaluation
(b) Finance and budget
(c) Public relations
(d) None of the above

Answer: A

13. Funds for the sports programmes can be collected through

(a) Alumni associations
(b) Donations/gifts
(c) Funds from public sector undertakings
(d) All the above

Answer: D

14. Objective of a national sports organization may be

(a) To encourage the development of sports in the country
(b) To organize the championships at the national and regional level
(c) To participate in international events from time to time be decided
(d) All the above.

Answer: D

15. Which of the following is not a principle of lesson planning?

(a) Age and sex
(b) Progression
(c) Warming up
(d) Teachers’ experience.

Answer: D

16. Which of the following is a method for the classification of pupils?

(a) Cozen method
(b) YNCA method
(c) Atlanta city method
(d) All the above

Answer: D

17. Which of the following represents a type of supervisor in physical education?

(a) Strongest person in the institute
(b) Tallest girl in the institute
(c) Head of the institute
(d) Tallest boy in the class.

Answer: C

18. Whether or not a given source is genuine and admissible as evidence is found through

(a) Internal criticism
(b) External criticism
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above.

Answer: B

19. Indian Olympic Association (IDA)is headed by

(a) Chairman
(b) Director
(c) A President
(d) A Treasurer

Answer: C

20. Army Boys Sports Company (ABSC) scouts talent in the age group of

(a) 1, 12
(b) 12
(c) 6, 1
(d) 2, 6

Answer: B

Final Words

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