Classification of solids based on different binding forces:
Molecular
Ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea).
Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids
Packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects
Electrical and magnetic properties.
Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators
n and p type semiconductors.
Unit II: Solutions
Types of solutions
Expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
Solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult’s law, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure
Elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point,
Osmotic pressure
Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
Abnormal molecular mass
Van’t Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions
EMF of a cell
Standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity
Variations of conductivity with concentration
Kohlrausch’s Law
Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Rate law and specific rate constant
Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions)
Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis: homogenous and heterogenous
Activity and selectivity of solid catalysts; enzyme catalysis, colloidal state
Distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension
Lyophilic, lyophobic, multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids
Properties of colloids
Tyndall effect
Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation
Emulsion – types of emulsions
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining
Occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
Unit VII:p-Block Elements
Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties
Nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds of Nitrogen: preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen (Structure only);
Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of Phosphorus: Preparation and properties of Phosphine, Halides and Oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses
Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties
Compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.
Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit XIII: Amines
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins – Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Unit XV: Polymers
Classification – natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber.