The Making Of A Global World | Sec-2 Chapter 3 Class 10 SST

The Making Of A Global World Questions l

Below are some of the very important NCERT Class 10 Social Science Section 2 chapter 3 The Making Of A Global World Questions. These Class 10 The Making Of A pGlobal World Questions have been prepared by expert teachers and subject experts based on the latest syllabus and pattern of term 2. Questions with Answers to help lllltand the concept.

These Questions for Class 10 Social Science The Making Of A Global World Questions are very important for the latest CBSE term 2 pattern. These class 10 notes,  Q and A are very important for students who want to score high in CBSE Board.

We have put together these NCERT  Questions of Class 10 Social Science chapter 3 The Making Of A Global World Questions. for practice on a regular basis to score high in exams. Refer to these Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

1. Describe the significance of silk routes in the pre-modern period in the field of trade, cultural exchange and religion. (CBSE 2014)

2. ‘Food offers many examples of long distance cultural  exchange’. Justify this statement. (CBSE 2011)

3. Explain any three effects of scraping Corn Laws in Britain.    (CBSE 2020)

4. Explain three reasons for the attraction of’ Europeans to Africa.    (CBSE 2012)

5. Describe the impact of ‘Rinderpest’ on people’s livelihood and local economy in Africa in the 1890s.

6. Who were indentured laborers? How were they recruited? Explain the condition of the indentured laborers who went to work in different parts of the world. (CBSE 2013,12) Or Write a short note on indentured laborers.

7. Mention any three circumstances that compelled Indians and Chinese to work as indentured labor in plantation and mines.    (CUSE 2016)

8. Describe the economic condition of Britain after the ‘First World War’. (CBSE 2018)

9. Examine how the First World War transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.

10. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s. (CBSE 2019) 

11. How did Bretton Woods inaugurate an era of unprecedented growth in trade?

Or Explain the role of Bretton Woods institutions in post-Second World War settlement. (CBSE 2020)

12. How did housing and consumer boom lead to prosperity in the US?

13. What are MNCs? Why do MNCs choose China as an alternative location for investment?

14. Analyze any three factors that make globalization more fair.    (CBSE 2019)

15. Why did Group 77 countries demand a New International Economic Order? Explain. (CBSE 2010)

Long Answer (LA) Type Questions

1. Describe the role of technology in the transformation of the world in the 19th century.    (CBSE 2019)

2. Describe the condition of indentured labor that migrated from India during the nineteenth century.

3. How did Henry Ford revolutionized mass production in the US? Explain.

4. Why is the year 1929 known as the Great Depression? Explain the main factors responsible for the Great Depression.

Or Explain the causes of the Great Depression. (NCERT)

5. Explain the impact of the Great Depression on India during the early twentieth century. (CBSE 2020)

6. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins? (NCERT) 

Case Based Questions

1. Read the given case/source and answer the following questions.

Source A Decolonisation and Independence

At the same time, most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s.  Therefore they organized themselves as a group i.e. the Group of 77 (or G-77) to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO). 

By the NIEO they meant a svstelil that would give them real control over their natural resources, more   assistance, fairer prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

(i) What is NIEO? Explain the objectives of developing countries.

(ii) How were the indentured workers exploited by the recruiting agents?

(iii) Which factors were responsible for the Great Depression in 1929?

2. Read the given case/source and answer the following questions.

The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance post-war reconstruction: 

The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions or sometimes the Bretton Woods twins. The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods  system. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.

Decision- making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.

The international monetary system is the system linking national currencies and the monetary system. The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, e.g. the Indian rupee was pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.

(i) Which institutions were established by the Bretton  conference ? Whv the International Monetary Fund (IMF) set up? 

(ii) What was the Bretton Woods system?

(iii) What decision was taken at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA?

Answers

Ans. 1.

• The significance of silk routes were    The silk routes are good examples of pre-modern trade  and cultural links between the distant parts of the world, i.e. linking Asia with Europe and North Africa.
• Along the silk roütes, the silk cargoes from China, Indian spices and textiles, gold and silver from Europe were carried to different parts of the world. 
• The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on, Muslim preachers travelled along these routes.
• These routes proved to be a great source of trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.

Ans. 2. 

Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange in the following ways  

• Traders and travelers introduced new crops to the lands they traveled.
• Ready food in distant parts of the world might share common origins. It is believed that noodles traveled West from China to become spaghetti.
• Arab traders took ‘pasta’ to Sicily in Italy.
• Many of our common foods like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, and chillies were not known  to us. These foods came from American Indians and  we became gradually dependent on these. 

Ans. 3

Three effects of scrapping Corn Laws in Britain were 

• After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
• British agriculture was unstable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They migrated to the cities or other countries in search of work.
• As the food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid 19th century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.

Ans. 4.

The three, reasons for the attraction of European to Africa were

(i) Africa had abundant land and was rich in mineral resources. Its population was relatively small.

(ii) The Europeans were hoping to establish plantations and mines in Africa to produce crops and rnineraJs for export to Europe.

(iii) In Africa, the industrial revolution did not take place. Africans were militarily weak and backward. Europeans thought that they could easily capture the Country and use its resources and people for their own profit.

Ans.5.

Rinderpest was a cattle plague spread by Asian cattle taken to Africa to feed the Italian soldiers by the European colonists. The impact of ‘rinderpest’ on people’s livelihood and local economy in Africa in the 1890s was 

• Economic Impact. Rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle. This virtually destroyed the African economic system based on cattle and land. Africans, who worked rearing cattle, were unemployed and forced to earn their livelihood by working in mines and on plantations set-up by the Europeans.
• Impact on Livelihood. Using this plague advantage, colonizing nations successfully monopolized cattle resources. By this, they strengthened their power and forced Africans into the labor market.

Ans. 6.

Indentured laborers were bonded laborers under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off their passage to a new country or home. 

They were recruited by agents engaged by employers and were paid a small commission.

The condition of the indentured laborers in different parts of the world was very pathetic in the following ways

• They were subjected to harsh, inhuman and unsympathetic conditions.
• If they were unwilling to migrate, they were captured by agents.
• If they were caught while escaping, they faced severe punishment.
• They have very few legal rights.
• Deductions were made frorn their wages, if the work was found unsatisfactory.

Ans.7.

 In the 19th century hundreds of thousands of Indians and Chinese laborers went to work on plantations in mines and in different construction projects as indentured labor around the world. The circumstances that compelled them to work as indentured labor were

(i) Decline of cottage industry

(ii) Increase in land rents

(iii) Unemployment, poverty and indebtedness 

Due to these reasons, poor were forced to migrate in search of work. The prospective migrants were tempted by the false promises of the agents and became indentured laborers.

Ans. 8

The economic condition of Britain after the First

World War was

• Britain, which was a leading economy of the world before the First World War, faced a prolonged crisis. While Britain was preoccupied with war, industries had developed in Japan and India. After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position.
• Britain has borrowed liberally from the USA for its war time expenditure, thus at the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge external debt.
• After the war, production in Britain contracted which led to huge job losses. In 1921, one in every five British workers was out of work. Anxiety and uncertainty about work became an enduring part of the post-war time.

Ans. 9

• The First World War has transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor in the following ways 
• During the war, industries were restructured to produce war related goods. The US became the big supplier of war needs. So, the war helped to boost the US economy,
• The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers which were now lighting with each other to pay for them.
• Due to war, Britain borrowed large amounts of money from US banks.

Ans. 10.

Economic hardships that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s were

• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.
• Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from import of cheap machine-made goods from England.  This competition was mainly faced by textile production as it was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops which were partly mechanized.
• Some regions of Europe which were under feudal rule, the condition of the peasants was not good. The   rise of food prices and bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Ans. 11.

Bretton Woods inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth in trade by establishing International Monetary Fund and Bank for Reconstruction and Development known as world Bank

The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surplus and deficits of its member nations. The conference established the World Bank to finance post-war reconstruction.

The IMF and World Bank were referred to as the Bretton Woods Institutions or the twins of the Bretton Woods.

Both these institutions commenced financial operations in 1947. Decision making in these institutions was controlled by the Western industrial powers.

Ans. 12.

The housing and consumer boom in the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US in the following ways: 

• Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes. This led to rising consumption demand, more investment and again more employment and incomes.
• In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender. 
• US imports and capital exports boosted European recovery and world trade and also it enhanced the income growth over the next six years.

Ans. 13.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the Same time.

The first MNCs were established in the 1920s. The MNCs choose China as an alternative location of investment because

• Availability of skilled and unskilled laborers / workers at low wages
• Less cost of production
• China has the largest population besides labor. They also formed a large consumer base.

Ans. 14

Fair globalization means that the benefits of globalization must be shared by all equally. The ways to make globalization fair in India are

(i) Government needs to care about the labor laws so that workers get their trade union rights.

(ii) Government can negotiate with the WTO for fairer rules and can align with developing countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.

(iii) Supporting the small producers to improve their performance so that they remain viable in the face of competition from MNC.

Ans. 15

Group 77 countries demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO) because

• They wanted to revise the International Economic System in favor of the developing countries.
• They wanted a system that would give them real control over their natural resources.
• They wanted to set up a system under which they could get a fairer price for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in the developed countries’ market.

Long Answer Questions 

Ans. 1

Technology has played an important role in transformation the world economy in the 19th century in the following ways

• Technology can be regarded as the primary source in economic development. The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions in the nineteenth century.
• The technological advances were the result of larger social, political and economic factors. For example, colonization stimulated new investment and improvements in the transport system.
• Faster railways, lighter wagons and large refrigerated ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from America, Australia or New Zealand to final markets in different European countries.
• The reduced shipping costs lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could consume a more varied diet which included meat, butter and eggs,
• Better living conditions in Europe as a result of technology promoted social peace within the country and people started to support the policies of imperialism.     

Ans. 2

The condition of indentured labor that migrated from India during the 19th century was

• The conditions of these workers were very bad and their wages were extremely low.
• Agents tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations. They did not tell them about the harsh modes of travel, the nature of the work and living and working conditions.
• There were long working hours for the laborers and children who were more than the age of five years were also expected to work with their parents.
• The indenture labour was nothing but a ‘new system of slavery’. On arrival at the working place the laborers  found a completely different environment which they imagined.
• Sometimes the laborers could not finish the work which they were allotted. If they could not complete it, they were prosecuted and sent to jail.
• Their wages were deducted if their works were considered to be unsatisfactory. Many tried to escape, but if they were caught, they faced severe punishment.

Ans. 3

Henry Ford revolutionized mass production by adopting the assembly line of a Chicago slaughterhouse to his new car plant in Detroit. The assembly line allowed a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. 

It forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously which is dictated by the conveyor belt. This increased their efficiency in the single task and the speed ol’ production too.

As a result, Henry Ford’s cars canje off the assembly line at three-minute intervals. However, standing in front of the conveyor belt, no worker could delay the motion or take a break, In the beginning, many workers quit since they could not cope up with the stress of work. 

Thus, Henry Ford paid high wages to the workers who did those monotonous tasks, but recovered this cost through faster production. Duc to this Inass production, car production in the US hiked from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929.

Ans. 4

The year of 1929 came to be known as the Great Depression because during this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, income and trade.

The Great Depression was caused by several factors which were

• Many countries financed their investments through loans from the US. In the early 1920s, the economy of the US was strong. But the over production in industrial and agricultural sectors led to the depression.
• There was a sudden growth in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophone players, etc through hire-purchase. With the fall in prices and the prospect of depression, US banks slashed domestic lending and called back loans.
• Farms could not sell their harvests, households were ruined and business collapsed. The consumerist prosperity of the 1920s disappeared.
• As a result of falling rent, households could not repay what they had borrowed. They were even forced to give up their cars and Other consumer durables.

Ans. 5

The impact of the Great Depression on India during the curly twentieth century wus

• The depression immediately affected Indian trade. Jndin’s exports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged, Between 1928 and 1934 wheat prices in India fell by 50 percent.
• Peasants and farmers suffered more    than urban dwellers. Agriculture prices fell sharply, but the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
• Peasants producing lor the world market were the worst hit, As gunny exports collapsed, the price of’ raw jute crashed more than 60 per cent.
• Peasants who borrowed in the hope at better times or to increase output in the hope of higher income suffered a lot.
• Across India, peasants’ indebtedness increased. Jute producers fell deeper and deeper into debt. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their valuables like jewelry to meet their expenses.

Ans. 6

The G-77 is a coalition of developing nations. They have demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in which they have a real control over their natural resources.

By NIEO, they got more development assistance and fairer prices for raw materials, and better access to the markets in developed countries for their manufactured goods.

G-77 was seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins, IMF and World Bank were mainly set up to favor the developed nations. 

As a result most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth that the Western economics experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. So, they organized themselves as a group-the group of 77 of G-77 to demand a new economic order.

The developing nations organized themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over their natural resources. They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured goods in the markets of developed nations.

Case Based Questions 

Ans. 1 .

Ans. (i) NIEO is the New International Economic Order. It was a set of proposal put fl)nvard during the 1970’s by the developing countries with the following objectives

• To revise the international economic  system in favor of the developing countries.
• These countries wanted to set up a system under which they could get fairer prices fbr raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in the developed countries markets, etc.

Source B Indentured labor Migration from India 

Recruitment was done by agents engaged by employers and paid a small commission. Many migrants agreed to take up work hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages. 

Agents also tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work and living and  working conditions. 

Often migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage. Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less  willing migrants.

Ans. (ii) Recruiting agents exploited indentured workers by providing them false information about final destination, modes of travel, the nature of work and living and working conditions. Sometimes agents even forcibly captured less willing migrants. 

Source C The Great Depression

The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. The exact timing and impact of the depression varied across countries.

But in general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected. This was because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that in the prices of industrial goods

Ans. (iii) The main factor responsible for the depression in 1929 was agricultural overproduction. This decreased the prices of agricultural products. To handle this situation, farmers tried to expand production by bringing a larger volume of produce to the market. But this further decreased the price of agricultural products.

Ans 2. 

(i) International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, popularly known as World     Banks were established by the Bretton  Conference.

The IMF was set up to promote International Monetary Cooperation.

(ii) The Bretton Woods System was a system based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies i.e. the Indian rupees were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate.

(iii) In Bretton Woods Conference New Hampshire USA, a decision was taken for establish the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to preserve Global economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

Final Words

From the above article, you have practiced Class 10 Social Science chapter 3 The Making Of A Global World Questions. We hope that the above-mentioned notes, Q & A for term 2 will surely help you in your exam. 

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