UGC NET Physical Education Unit 1 Notes 2024

Last updated on July 14th, 2024 at 06:06 am

UGC NET Physical Education Unit -1

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Principles And History Of Physical Education

Definitions of Physical Education –

• Jackson R. Sharman points out that physical education is that part of education that takes place through activities, which involves the motor mechanism of the human body which results in an individual’s formulating behavior patterns.

• Charles A. Bucher defines physical education, an integral part of the total education process, as a field of endeavor which has as its aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes.”

• The Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation defines Physical education as education through physical activities for the development of the total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind and spirit.

• According to H.C.Buck – Physical Education is a part of general education program, which is considered with growth, development, and education through the medium of big muscle activities.

• Oberteuffer’s View, “Physical Education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movements.”

• Cassidy says, “Physical Education is the sum of changes in the individual caused by experiences centering motor activity.”

• For J.B.Nash, “Physical Education is that phase of the whole field of education that deals with big muscle activities and their related responses.”

• According to C. C. Cowell, “Physical Education is the social Process of change in the behavior of human organisms, originating primarily from the stimulus of social, big muscle, play and related activities.”

• According to C.L.Brownell, “Physical education is the accumulation of wholesome experience through participation in large muscle activities that promote optimum growth and development.

Philosophy

The term philosophy is derived from the combination of two Greek words Philos, philia or phileo, and Sophia meaning love of wisdom.
According to Aristotle –Grouping of the knowledge of the universals (deductive method).
Charles Darwin – proposed the theory of Evolution.
Jean batiste de Lamarck – law of use and disuse
Rene Descarte (1626), a French philosopher and later Sherrington, introduced the principle of reciprocal innervations (control of agonists and antagonists’ muscles).
Immanuel Kant – proposed learning by doing. James ross – include the study of health and hygiene. Francis Bacon – emphasizes the inductive method.
Herbert spencer – Play-way learning
Kindergarten concept – Friedrich Froebel (1837)
Margaret Sanger – founder of planned parenthood.
Bruner – developed the concept of discovery learning. (This popular theory encourages learners to build on past experiences and knowledge, use their intuition, imagination, and creativity, and search for new information to discover facts and new truths.)

Philosophies of Physical Education

1. Realism (By Aristotle)

Realism is the theory that holds that the existence of objects is real. For this reason it is also sometimes called objectivism.

Both realism and objectivism are metaphysical theories (the study of the ultimate nature of the universe) concerned with the existence of things. In epistemology, realism holds that the process of knowing things is independent of the existence and influence of the knower.

Hence the main tenet of this theory in the epistemological field is that the object and its qualities are independent of and uninfluenced by the knower and the process of knowledge.

2. Idealism (By PLATO)

Idealism is that school of philosophy that beliefs in the reality of ideas only the objects, we experience, do not have their existence in the real sense. They are mere manifestations of ideas.

Idealism as a philosophy stands in contrast with all those systems of thought that center in nature (naturalism) or in man (humanism).

According to idealism “to be” means to be experienced by a person. As to knowledge, idealism holds that knowledge is a man thinking the thoughts and purposes of this eternal and spiritual reality as they are embodied in our world of fact.

As to ethics, idealism holds that the goodness of man’s individual and social life is the conformity of the human will with the moral administration of the universe.

Idealism accepts only one reality i.e., ideas, therefore it has a concern with the only mind, spirit, and self. It asserts that mind or spirit as each man experiences it in him is fundamentally real and that the totality of the universe is somehow minded or spirit in its essence.

3. Pragmatism (By JOHN DEWEY) –

Derived from the Greek word “pragma” meaning work. This theory is developed by various philosophers like Francis Bacon, john Locke, jean Jacques Rousseau, and Charles Darwin. William James was the first modern western philosopher to popularize it.

It rejects metaphysics. It states that “our concept of truth must coincide with our findings. What works is true and real and what doesn’t is spurious and unreal”, is the principle of pragmatism.

Pragmatism has influenced education maximally. It creates an optimistic man. Education should be according to one’s aptitude and ability. They modified an older way of curriculum.

They emphasized the needs and interests of the children. Pragmatism places emphasis on “Learning by doing”.

4. Naturalism (mainly by Rousseau and various others are also there, Earnt Nagel, Sidney hook) –

Also referred to as Materialism. Naturalism is based on the assumption that nature represents the wholeness of reality.

Naturalism denies the existence of anything beyond nature, behind or other than nature, such as supernaturalism.

They (philosophers) said more closely with science, laying stress on sensory training as senses are the gateways to learning. They favor the use of scientific methods to investigate all areas of reality including the human spirit.

To naturalists, values arise from human beings’ interaction with the environment. According to them, there is no absolute good or evil spirit in the world. Values of life are cheated by human needs.

5. Humanism (by Corliss Lamont)

A naturalistic philosophy that rejects all supernaturalism and relies primarily upon reason and science, democracy, and human compassion.

It has dual nature (origin) both secular and religious and these constitute its sub-categories. It is for those who think for themselves. Humanism is a philosophy of reason and science in the pursuit of knowledge and also of imagination.

It is “A philosophy for those in love with life”. Every individual is unique in himself and should not be treated as a part of a larger group. Self- actualization, and self-fulfillment are the major goals of humanistic philosophy.

6. Existentialism (by Kierkegoard, Nietzsche and Sartre)

Like pragmatism and realism, it is an individualistic philosophy. It considered society as a necessary evil and favors complete freedom for the individual to seek his own values.

A man is what he causes himself to be and his existence is the only true reality. He is responsible for his present, past, and future. In physical education, existentialism has limited application.

7. An Eclectic Approach ( by Zeigler 1964) –

It reflects and represents something of every important educational philosophy in lesser or greater proportion. It emphasizes “choosing the best”.The practice of combining a variety of theories from different philosophical schools into a fairly compatible belief”– Zeigler

Philosophies of Education

1) Progressivism – By John Dewey(1880-1904)- Progressive education is essentially a view of education that emphasizes the need to learn by doing. Dewey believed that human beings learn through a ‘hands-on’ approach. This places Dewey in the educational philosophy of pragmatism

2) Essentialism – By William Bagley. He opposes pragmatism and progressive education. Educational essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects thoroughly. Such disciplines might include Reading, Writing, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathematics, Science, Art, and Music.

Body Types

I. BY HIPPOCRATES–

The humoral theory or humoral was a system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body. He believed that certain human moods, emotions, and behaviors were caused by an excess or lack of body fluids (called “humor”), which he classified as blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

The theory of the four touches of humor does appear in some Hippocratic texts, the most famous model consists of the four humors described by Hippocrates and then developed further by Galen.

Based on Hippocratic medicine, it was believed that the four touches of humor were to be in balanced proportions with regard to the amount and strength of each humor for a body to be healthy.

The proper blending and balance of the four touches of humor were known as ‘Eurasia’. Imbalance and separation of humor lead to diseases.

The imbalance of humor, or dyscrasia, was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases. Health was associated with a balance of humor or eucrasia. The qualities of the humor, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused.

He said:

• The people who have red blood are friendly, they joke and laugh around about their bodies, and for their appearance, they are rose-tinted, slightly red, and have pretty skin.
• The people who have yellow bile are bitter, short-tempered, and daring. They appear greenish and have yellow skin.
• The people who are composed of black bile are lazy, fearful, and sickly. They have black hair and black eyes.
• Those who have phlegm are low-spirited, forgetful, and have white hair.

II. By Galen

Galen introduced four temperament theories— Sanguine, choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic.

Galen recalls the correspondence between humor and seasons in his On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, and says that “As for ages and the seasons, the child corresponds to spring, the young man to summer, the mature man to autumn, and the old man to winter”.

Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body but he does not apply this idea to Hippocratic humor. He believed that the phlegm did not influence character. Here is what he says in his On Hippocrates’

The Nature of Man: “Sharpness and intelligence are caused by yellow bile in the soul, perseverance, and consistency by the melancholic humor, and simplicity and naivety by blood.

But the nature of phlegm has no effect on the character of the soul. He further said that blood is a mixture of four elements: water, air, fire, and earth.

III. Body Types By Kretschmer

Ernst Kretschmer was a German psychiatrist who researched the human constitution and established typology.

Constitutional Typology – Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of individuals.

His classification system was based on four main body types (1921):

a) asthenic (thin, small, weak)
b) athletic (muscular, large–boned)
c) pyknic (stocky, fat)
d) dysplastic (unproportionate body)

The temperaments
Kretschmer divided the temperaments into two “constitutional groups”: schizothymic, which contains a “psych aesthetic proportion” between sensitive and cold pole, and cyclothymic which contains a “diathetic” proportion between raised (happy) and sad. The Schizoids consist of the hyperesthetic (sensitive) and anesthetic (cold) characters.

II. Body types by Sheldon

Author of constitutional psychology, 1940, William H. Sheldon (American Psychologists). William Sheldon, using somatotype, attempts to associate body types with temperament types. It was a first-ever attempt (scientific) at body classification.

Somatotype is a widely discredited taxonomy developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements which he termed ‘somatotypes’, classified by him as ‘ectomorphic’, ‘mesomorphic’ and ‘endomorphic’.

In his 1954 book, Atlas of Men, Sheldon categorized all possible body types according to a scale ranging from 1 to 7 for each of the three ‘somatotypes’, where the pure ‘endomorph’ is 7–1–1, the pure ‘mesomorph’ 1–7–1 and the pure ‘ectomorph’ scores 1–1–7. In a book atlas of man, he claimed that the world population could be classified into 343 possible body types.

The three types

Sheldon’s “somatotypes” and their associated physical and psychological traits were characterized as follows-

Ectomorph: characterized as skinny, thin, slender, slim, lithe, lanky, neotenous, flat-chested, lightly muscled, weak, fragile, delicate, and usually tall; described as intelligent, contemplative, melancholic, industrious, effeminate, submissive, inferior, perfectionist, quirky, idiosyncratic, sensitive to pain, soft, gentle, loving, helpful, placatory,

calm, peaceful, vulnerable, humble, self-deprecatory, socially awkward, solitary, secretive, concealing, self-conscious, introverted, shy, reserved, defensive, uncomfortable, tense, and anxious.

Mesomorphic: characterized as hard, rugged, triangular, muscular, thick-skinned, and with good posture; described as athletic, eager, adventurous, willing to take risks, competitive, extroverted, aggressive, masculine, macho, authoritative, strong, assertive, direct, forthright, blustering, dominant, tough, strict, fortunate, vigorous, energetic, determined, courageous, and ambitious.

Endomorph: characterized as fat, round, heavy, usually short, and having difficulty losing weight; described as open, outgoing, sociable, amiable, friendly, affectionate, accepting, happy, pleased, satisfied, laid-back, easily complacent, lazy, ungenerous, selfish, greedy, well-endowed, and slow to react.

Stereotyping

There may be some evidence that different physiques carry cultural stereotypes. According to one study endomorphs are likely to be perceived as slow, sloppy, and lazy. Mesomorphs, in contrast, are typically stereotyped as popular and hardworking, whereas ectomorphs are often viewed as intelligent, yet fearful.

Heath-Carter Formula

It is the most commonly used method of somatotyping today formulated by J.E. Lindsay Carter and Barbara Honeyman Heath. Heath and Carter (1967).

Heath – carter somatotype system(1967) is a refinement of the Sheldon technique. He introduced a 9-10 point scale instead of 7.

According to him, Endomorphy refers to the relative fatness, mesomorphy is the relative musculoskeletal robustness, and ectomorph is the relative linearity or slenderness of a physique (Carter & Heath, 1990).

There are three ways/techniques of obtaining the somatotype –

i. The anthropometric method, in which anthropometry is used to estimate the criterion somatotype.

ii. The photoscopic method, in which ratings are made from a standardized photograph.

iii. The anthropometric plus photoscopic method, combines anthropometry and ratings from a photograph.

Equations for a decimal anthropometric somatotype.

They defined somatotype as the ‘present morphological conformation’ and expressed the primary components of the physique that allow us to understand personal phenological characteristics and body composition three-dimensionally

Endomorphy= -0.7182 + 0.1451 (X)- 0.00068 (X2) + 0.0000014 (X3)

Where X = (sum of triceps, subscapular, and supraspinal skinfold thicknesses) multiplied by (170.18/height in cm). This is called height-corrected endomorphy and is the most preferred method for calculating endomorphy.

Ectomorphy= 0.732 x HWR-28.58

Where HWR= Height in cm divided by cube root of weight in kg

If HWR is equal to or less than 40.75 but greater than 38.5
Ectomorphy= 0.463x HWR-17.63

If HWR is equal to or less than
38.25 Then, Ectomorphy= 0.1

Somatotype Categories

Somatotype categories are labeled according to Carter and Heath (1990). Somatoplots
falling within the same area are grouped by category. The definitions of 13 categories are based on the areas of the 2-D somatochart (Carter and Heath, 1990) as given below:

1) Central: no component differs by more than one unit from the other two.
2) Balanced endomorph: endomorphy is dominant and mesomorphy and ectomorphy are equal (or do not differ by more than one-half unit).
3) Mesomorphic endomorph: endomorphy is dominant and mesomorphy is greater than ectomorphy.
4) Mesomorph-endomorph: endomorphy and mesomorphy are equal (or do not differ by more than one-half unit), and ectomorphy is smaller.
5) Endomorphic mesomorph: mesomorphy is dominant and endomorphy is greater than ectomorphy.
6) Balanced mesomorph: mesomorphy is dominant and endomorphy and ectomorphy are equal (or do not differ by more than one-half unit).
7) Ectomorphic mesomorph: mesomorphy is dominant and ectomorphy is greater than endomorphy.
8) Mesomorph- ectomorph: mesomorphy and ectomorphy are equal (or do not differ by more than one-half unit), and endomorphy is smaller.
9) Mesomorphic ectomorph: ectomorphy is dominant and mesomorphy is greater than endomorphy.
10) Balanced ectomorph: ectomorphy is dominant and endomorphy and mesomorphy are equal (or do not differ by more than one-half unit). 15 Anthropology Human Growth Development and Nutrition Heath-Carter Methods of Somatotyping
11) Endomorphic ectomorph: ectomorphy is dominant and endomorphy is greater than mesomorphy.
12) Endomorph-ectomorph: endomorphy and ectomorphy are equal (or do not differ by more than one-half unit), and mesomorphy is lower.
13) Ectomorphic endomorph: endomorphy is dominant and ectomorphy is greater than mesomorphy.

The 13 categories can be simplified into four larger categories:
(1) Central: no component differs by more than one unit from the other two.
(2) Endomorph: endomorphy is dominant, mesomorphy and ectomorphy are more than one-half a unit lower.
(3) Mesomorph: mesomorphy is dominant; endomorphy and ectomorphy are more than one-half unit lower.
(4) Ectomorph: ectomorphy is dominant, and endomorphy and mesomorphs are more than one-half unit lower.

Play Theories

1. Surplus energy theory:-
   Von Schiller, 1873 (a German philosopher) and Herbert Spencer(1875):- believe that children pass more energy during play than they actually need to carry out business life. They related the energy of children with pressure cookers.
2. Anticipatory Theory:
   This theory, also known as Practice Theory, was propounded by Karl Groos in his two works ‘The Play of Animals’ and ‘ The Play of Man’. He observed that play is a sort of preparation for adulthood. The child anticipates his future activities and he prepares himself to meet the problems of life in anticipation.
   (oppo- But elders and old people also play without such intuition)
3. Theory of recapitulation:-Starley’s Hall, 1906
   According to him, “the child is not so much rehearsing the serious activities of his own adult life as harking back to and recapitulating those of his remote ancestors.”
   (oppo:- a singer’s son may not naturally become a singer).
4. Theory of Instinct Practice:- William McDougal,

Play is an expression of the instincts of pregnancy, construction, involving the spirit of competition and rivalry (oppo:- But children don’t play for competition)

5. Theory of Cathartic:-Anna Freud(1908):-

Play is Cathartic in nature as it has some medical effects on the body and mind of the individual for which we feel light after playing.

Plateau:- Slump in progress, a period of consolidation.
Feedback:- the way the learner receives information about the error in his practice of the skill is known as feedback. it is error information or knowledge of results.
Two Channels of feedback:-

1. biofeedback channel
2. augmented feedback channel
3. Growth Theories – (Appleton 1919)

Play is a response to a generalized drive for growth in the organism. Play serves to facilitate the mastery of skills necessary for the function of adult behaviors.

12. Cognitive Theory- (Piaget – 1962)

Play is derived from the child’s working out of two fundamental characteristics of his mode of experience and development. These are accommodation and assimilation — the attempts to integrate new experiences into the relatively limited number of the motor and cognitive skills available at each age.

Accommodation- the attempt to imitate and interact physically with the environment.

Assimilation – the attempt to integrate externally derived precepts or motor actions in a limited amount of schemata.

13. Re-Creative Theory:

This theory was first propounded by Lazarus of Berlin. Lazarus says that through play, the child gets recreation and he gains he spent energy. He recoups the energy spent during his work and feels refreshed when he plays for some time

Physical Education In Ancient Times

Greece

Greece was the first European land to become civilized. No country in history has held physical Education in such high respect as did in Ancient Greece.

As early as 3,000 B.C, there was evidence of physical Education activities being popular in their culture.

At the core of Greek athletics, contests included footraces, the long jump, diskos and javelin throwing, wrestling, the pentathlon (a combination of these five events), boxing, the pankration (a combination of wrestling and boxing), horse races, and chariot races. During competition and training, athletes were usually naked and covered with olive oil to keep off the dust.

Popular Sports – Hunting seems to have been one of the most popular in that area. Lion hunting, deer hunting, bull grappling, boxing wrestling, dancing, and swimming are commonly referred to by historians who have written about ancient Greece and form a major part of their occupation.

Gymnastics and Music were considered the two most important subjects. “Music was for the Spirit” and “Gymnastics was for the body”. “Exercises for the body and music for the soul” was the common language.
There were twenty leagues under the most important city-state in each league, of all these twenty city-states or leagues were Sparta and Athens.

There are four periods –

Homeric Period
Spartan period
Early Athenian Period
Later Athenian Period (Golden Period)

Homeric Period (850 B.C onwards) – In this period Homer (Historian, Philosopher, Moralist, and Author) introduced the importance of exercise and health. A Homeric poem comprises the first written evidence of athletic contests in the Greek world.

Homer gives vivid descriptions of the athletic contests held as part of funeral ceremonies in honor of the dead hero, ‘Patroclus’, or on other occasions.

The great religious celebrations associated with athletic activities became the symbol of the political and cultural unity of Greeks in the historical period.

Because of strict military discipline, everything was subservient to the state, life never belonged to the individual but to the state. Life became one-track-minded, static, and perverted. That is, perhaps, the reason why great thinkers, philosophers, and medical men never settled in Sparta but in Athens.

At sixty he can retire. Spartan women, engaged in sports, but not in public barracks and different training grounds and lived at home. At twenty, she can married and is expected to produce healthy boys. The decline came in because of Spartan conservatives, narrow and static status quo.

Athens

Athenian and Spartan had the same cultures before the 6th century B.C. But by the 6th century B.C the Athenians developed a more liberal, progressive, and democratic soviet government by the monarch.

The Athenians also were concerned with training the child to assume his civic responsibilities which were more liberal than that of the Spartans. This was done by unity of ‘‘Man of Action’’ with ‘‘Man of Wisdom’’.
A child was taken care of by the mother till seven, between 7 and 13 years, the boys attended private Palaestra and music school (Didasscaleum).

Between 13 and 16 years, they attended lectures on intellectual subjects; while age 16-18years attended classes on philosophy.
At the age of 18, they have to join the military for 2 years, after which they are allowed to live their life.

Boys were enrolled in the cadet corps Epheboi

Gymnastics was done in Palaestra- a building with rooms for various physical activities controlled by Paidotribe or proprietor now called Physical Educationist.

Ethics, aesthetics, mathematics, and athletics comprised complete education in Athens.
Athenians were both “men of action” and “men of wisdom”.

Primarily, the Ancient Olympics that started in 776 BC in the honor of God ZEUS. Other games were –

Plato- Gives importance to physical education and activities
Aristotle- Gives importance to intellectualism

Difference between Spartans And Athenians

At time, various terms were known by different names-

Music School – Didascaleum
Wrestling School – Palestra
Wrestling Trainer – Paidotribe
God of Sea – Podium
God of Oath – Zeus Horka
God of Healing – Apollo
Physical Education Teacher – Paidotribe
Teacher of Archery – Toxotes
formal education system – Agoge
Superintendent – Paidonomos

Rome

Romans became interested in material things and not interested in cultural aspects of life anymore. Wealth became the objective of most citizens, and vulgar displays became the essence of wealth. Luxury, corruption, extravagance, and vice became commonplace in the various phases of Roman living.
The Roman children were trained at home by their parents.

Men were ‘pitted’ against wild animals or against one another and fought to the death to satisfy the spectators for excitement and brutality. They preferred professionalism to amateurism.

• Romans are very similar to Spartans.
• Campus Martius was a place where Romans get training.
• Athletics were abhorred by Romans.
• Romans like competitions (tamasha-like), which are very brutal like gladiatorial combats, boxing, and wrestling.
• They lack the desire for physical education and they don’t take interest in the pan- Hellenic games.
• They enjoyed themselves more by becoming spectators rather than participants.
• The Romans invaded Olympia in 85 BC. The Games continued under Roman rule but were disrupted by a Germanic invasion around AD 300. The Games became part of a pagan festival until the Christian emperor Theodosius I ordered the closure of all pagan events in 393 A.D or 394 A.D.

Physical Education in Other Countries

Father of modern physical education – John Bernhardbasedow. (1713-90). He opened a nationalistic school called Philantropium at Dessau in return for Germany.

Schnepfenthal Education institute founded by Cristian Gothief Salzaman (1744-1811) in 1785.

Carl Andre introduced Open Gymnastics.

Father of German Gymnastics – John Bernhard Basedow.

GrandFather of German Gymnastic – John Christopher Fredric Guts Muth.

Guts Muth’s Two important manuals –
1) Physical Education for the young
2) Gymnastic for the young
A. to Guts Muth, the aim of physical education should be the ‘development of human personality.

Father of gymnastics and promoter of TURNVEREIN MOVEMENT – Fredrich Ludwig Jahn.

Adolph Speiss wrote two books –
1) System of Gymnastics
2) Manual Gymnastics for Schools

Father of the playground movement in Germany – E. T. Gustav

Father of Swedish Gymnastics – Per Henrik Ling.
He introduced four categories of gymnastic
1) Educational
2) Military
3) Medical
4) Aesthetic.

The Linked – In 1939, The death anniversary of Per Generic Ling was celebrated with great fun in Stockholm. The main aim was to popularize Swedish gymnastics.

FRANZ NATCHTEGAL laid a strong foundation in Denmark.

Danish Sports Foundation was founded in 1896.

Grandfather of the Indian Gymnasium movement – Shree Samartha Ramadaswamee.

Teacher of Archery – Toxotes

The formal system of Education – Agoge

Father of Physical Education in India – H.C. Buck. Founder of YMCA, Madras in 1920.

Physical Education in India –

Plan of Action – 1992
First-time physical education was recommended to be included in the Indian curriculum in 1882.
National Syllabus of Physical Activities in 1956.
Govt. College of Physical Education (Hyderabad) – 1931
Christian College (Lucknow) – 1932

LNIPE was formed in the year – 1957 and got ‘deemed’ in 1995.
HVPM was formed by Vaidya Brothers in 1914 to promote Indian Traditional Sports.
NCTE (National Council of Teacher Education) – Aug. 1995
National Plan of Physical Education –1956
CABPER (Central Advisory Board of Physical Education) – 1950
American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation – 1965
National Discipline Scheme – July 1954 by Gen. J.K.Bhosle
National Fitness Corps – 1965
National Cadet Corps –16 April 1948 ( NCC flag on 1954)
National Service Scheme – 1969
Late Rajkumari Amritkaur Scheme – 1953
The late RajkumariAmritkaur scheme ceased to merge with NIS, Patiala- 1961.
National Sports policy – August 1984, (First revised in 1986)
Secondary Education Commission – 1952
Kothari commission on education – 1964 – 1966
National Physical Efficiency Drive – 1959-1960.
Indian Olympic Association was formed in 1927
Indian Boy Scout Association – 1916 (Annie Besant)
Nobel Award – By Alfred Noble(1895)
First Central Gov. Physical Education Committee (Tarachand committee) – 1958, under the chairmanship of Yadavedera Singh of Patiala.
Kaur Kapoor Committee – 1960
NSNIS – 1961 (Patiala).
Ministry of Youth and Affairs and Sports – 1982
Sports Authority of India – 16 March 1984.
National Coaching Scheme (Replaced with Rajkumari Amritkaur scheme) – 1961
National Sports Talent Contest (NSTC) – 1985
Sports Scholarship Scheme – 1970-71
Rural Sports Program – 1970-71
National Sports Festival for Women – 1975
NPPR (National Policy of Physical Education and Recreation – 1986
SNIPES (Society of National Institute of Physical Education and Sports) changed from CABPER – in 1957
The first time Indian Education recommended physical training – 1882
National College of Physical Activities – 1956
Tarachand Committee/Central Gov. Physical education committee – 1942
Kunzru Committee – 1963
UGC (University Grant Commission) – was inaugurated by the late Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad on 28 December 1953
University Education Commission – 1948-49
Indian Education Commission (Kothari Commission) – 1964-66
Committee of National College of Physical Education and Recreation – 1959
Secondary Education Commission (Mandaliar commission) – 1952-53
National Knowledge Commission – 2005
National Council of Teacher Education Act –1993
National Council of Teacher Education – 1973
National Council of Teacher Education as Autonomous Body – 1995
First National Policy on Education – 1968
First revised National Policy on Education – 1986
National Council for Women Education – 1958

Difference Between Growth And Development

• Growth is the change of physical aspects of the organism. Development is overall changes and progressive changes in the organism.

• Growth is cellular but development is organizational.

• Growth is the change in shape, form, structure, and size of the body. Development is structural change and functional progress of the body.

• Growth stops at maturation but development continues till the death of the organism.

• Development also includes growth. Growth is a part of development.

• Growth and development go side by side.

• Growth and development are the joint product of heredity and environment.

• Growth is quantitative and development is qualitative in nature.

• Growth can be measured accurately but development is a subjective interpretation of one’s change.

Stages of Growth

Prenatal Stage – There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Let’s take a look at what happens to the developing baby in each of these stages.

Germinal Stage (1-2 Weeks) – The germinal stage of development is the first and shortest of the stages of the human lifespan. The germinal stage lasts a total of eight to nine days. It begins in a Fallopian tube when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm to form a zygote (day 0).

As the cells divide, they become more specialized, forming different organs and body parts. In the germinal stage, the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the mother’s uterus. Once it does, the next stage begins.

Embryonic Stage (3-8 Weeks) – Developing embryos via the umbilical cord. Basic structures of the embryo start to develop into areas that will become the head, chest, and abdomen. During the embryonic stage, the heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function. The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain.

Fetal Stage (9-40 Weeks) – When the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a fetus. At this stage, the fetus is about the size of a kidney bean and begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being as the “tail” begins to disappear.

II. Infancy

The average newborn weighs approximately 7.5 pounds. Infancy refers to the first two years of life after birth (infancy birth to 2 years old), and an infant is defined as a human being between birth and the first birthday.

The term baby is usually considered synonymous with an infant.
Human infants seem weak and helpless at birth, but they are actually born with a
surprising range of abilities. Most of their senses are quite well-developed, and they can also communicate their needs by crying. In infancy, toddlerhood, and early childhood, the body’s physical development is rapid.

III. Toddler (Also considered as a part of Infancy)
A toddler is a child approximately 12 to 36 months old, though definitions vary. The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from “to toddle”, which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.

IV. Childhood

In psychology the term early childhood is usually defined as the time period from infancy until the age of eight years (3-8 years), therefore covering infancy, kindergarten, and first grade.
Later childhood or middle childhood (9 to 11 years old).
Biologically, childhood is defined as the stage of a human organism between birth and adolescence.
Typically it comes after preschool, and before secondary school.

V. Adolescent And Puberty

Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood(12 to 18 years old). It is generally considered to start with puberty, during which sexual maturation occurs and adolescents go through a spurt in growth. In many children, however, puberty actually begins during the stage called pre-adolescence, which covers the ages of 11 to 12 years.

VI. Adulthood –

Adulthood is the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at the age of 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years.

Carl Jung’s Theory

Carl Jung, a Swiss psychoanalyst, formulated four stages of development and believed that development was a function of reconciling opposing forces.

Childhood: (birth to puberty) Childhood has two substages. The archaic stage is characterized by sporadic consciousness, while the monarchic stage represents the beginning of logical and abstract thinking. The ego starts to develop.

Youth: (puberty until 35 – 40) Maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and a realization that the carefree days of childhood are gone forever. People strive to gain independence, find a mate, and raise a family.

Middle Life: (40-60) The realization that you will not live forever creates tension. If you desperately try to cling to youth, you will fail in the process of self-realization. Jung believed that in midlife, one confronts one’s shadow. Religiosity may increase during this period, according to Jung.

Old Age: (60 and over) Consciousness is reduced. Jung thought that death is the ultimate goal of life. By realizing this, people will not face death with fear, but with a hope for rebirth.

Indian Awards

Arjuna Award

Civilian award for outstanding individual achievements in National Sports.
The Arjuna Awards are given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India to recognize outstanding achievements in sports.
Started in 1961, lastly awarded in 2019.
The award carries a cash prize of 5,00,000 RS.
The total awarded personalities are 700 up to 2019.

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in Sports and Games, is the highest sporting honor of the Republic of India.
It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
Highest sports honor in India.
It is honored for its “spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports over a period of four years” at the international level.
Cash prize of 7.5 lakh.
Instituted in 1991–1992, and last awarded in 2019 to Virat Kohli and Saikhom Mira Bai Chanu.
The first recipient of the award was Chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand, who was honored for the performance in the year 1991–92. In 2001, sport shooter Abhinav Bindra, then aged 18, became the youngest recipient of the award.

Bharat Ratna

The Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 2 January 1954, the award is conferred “in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order”.

The national motto, is “Satyameva Jayate” (Truth alone triumphs).
Last awarded in 2019.
First awarded in 1954 –
Nanaji Deshmukh (Posthumous)
Bhupen Hazarika (Posthumous)
Pranab Mukherjee

Padma Vibhushan
The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, second only to the Bharat Ratna.

• Instituted on 2 January 1954.

Padma Bhushan
The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by the Padma Shri. Instituted on 2 January 1954.

• The award recipients are announced on 26 January, the Republic Day of India. SamarpanKhanal was the first Nepali to get it.

Padma Shri
It is the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan, and the Padma Bhushan. It is awarded by the Government of India, every year on India’s Republic Day.

• Padma Awards were instituted in 1954.

Dhyan Chand Award
The Dhyan Chand Award, officially known as Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports and Games, is the lifetime achievement sporting honor of the Republic of India.

• It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• The cash prize was revised from 3 lakh (US$4,300) to 5 lakh (US$7,200) in 2009.
• Started in 2002.

Maka Trophy
The MAKA Trophy instituted in the year 1956-57 is a rolling Trophy awarded to the overall Top Performing University in Sports of the preceding year for promoting competitive sports in the university sector with a view to arouse keen interest among students and motivate teams to take up competitive sports.

Cash prize – The amount of prize money for the MAKA Trophy winner has been enhanced from Rs 10 lakh to Rs 15 lakh; the first runners-up will now get Rs 7.5 lakh, up from Rs 5 lakh, while the second runners-up will be awarded 4.5 lakh, up from Rs 3 lakh

Recent Rank holder – (2019)
Punjab University, Chandigarh – Overall winning university
Guru Nanak Dev University (Amritsar)- 1st runner up
Punjabi University (Patiala) – 2nd runner up
Most MAKA trophy winner – Guru Nanak Dev University (Amritsar) – Out of 45 years of its actual participation, it has won India’s coveted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy 22 times.

ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES –

The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece.

History –

The most common and oldest myth is that of Idaios Daktylos Herakles. Zeus, often considered the most important of the Greek gods, was said to have battled his titan father Kronos.
This was done in an attempt to free his brothers and sisters who had been consumed by their father Kronos in fear of being ultimately killed by his offspring.

Zeus would free his siblings and the gods were said to settle atop Mount Olympus to wage their war against Kronos and his fellow Titans. Herakles, a demi-god and leader of the Dactyl, would later establish the Olympic games in the name of his father Zeus.
According to historic records , the first ancient Olympic games can be traced back to 776BC.

They were dedicated to the Olympian gods & were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. They continued for nearly 12 centuries (of 293 consecutive Olympiads).

There was only one race, “Stadion footrace”, which was at a distance of 190 m(620 feet).
The ancient Olympic Games were initially a one-day event until 684 BC when they were extended to three days.

In the 5th century B.C., the Games were extended again to cover five days. The ancient Games included running, long jump, shot put, javelin, boxing, pankration, and equestrian events.

The Pentathlon became an Olympic sport with the addition of wrestling in 708 B.C. and included the following: Running, Jumping, Throwing, Boxing, and Wrestling.

OLYMPIA –

It is the site of the ancient Olympic games and is in the western part of the Peloponnese, which according to Greek mythology, is the island of “PHELOPS”, the founder of the Olympic games.

The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games.
It was introduced in the ancient Panathenaic Stadium.

WOMEN AT OLYMPIA –

Only men, boys, and unmarried girls were allowed to attend the Olympic Games. Married women were barred. Unmarried women had their own festival at Olympia
every four years, this was called the Heraia and was held in honor of Hera, Zeus’s wife.

DETERIORATION OF OLYMPICS –

In the beginning, games and sports were an integral part of Roman life but as Roman society advanced, the citizens started developing an aversion towards physical involvement in sports. They enjoyed themselves more by becoming spectators rather than participants.

Gradually, the slaves occupied the place of participants. There were no Sports Festivals like in Greece. The Romans, on the other hand, enjoyed the thrill of being spectators. The Romans invaded Olympia in 85 BC. The Games continued under Roman rule but were disrupted by a
Germanic invasion around AD 300. The Games became part of a pagan festival until the
Christian emperor Theodosius I ordered the closure of all pagan events in 393 A.D or 394 A.D.

MODERN OLYMPICS

The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC were hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens (Greece) in 1896. It took 1503 years for the Olympics to return.

The man responsible for its rebirth was a Frenchman named Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who presented the idea in 1894.

His original thought was to unveil the modern Games in 1900 in his native Paris, but delegates from 34 countries were so enthralled with the concept that they convinced him to move the Games up to 1896 and have Athens serve as the first host.

The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896.

The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.
French and English are the official languages of the Olympic Movement. The other language used at each Olympic Games is the language of the host country.

• The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin were the first Games to be broadcast on television, though only to local audiences. The 1956 Winter Olympics were the first internationally televised Olympic Games.

The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, the Americas (when considered one continent), Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The colored version of the rings— blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag.
The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.
The Olympic motto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning “Faster, Higher, Stronger” was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was coined by Coubertin’s friend, Henri Didon, for a Paris youth gathering in 1891.
Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928, the torch relay was only introduced at the 1936 Summer Games.

The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1968.

The Summer Olympics program includes 26 sports, while the Winter Olympics program features 15 sports.
Athletics, swimming, fencing, and artistic gymnastics are the only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program.
Five new sports have been added to the Tokyo Games coming up in 2020. They are baseball/softball, karate, skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing.
World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940& 1944 games.

Now there are 26 games and will be 28 in numbers from the 2016 Rio olympics.

OLYMPIC RINGS –

Important Points –

1) Olympic rings consist of 5 intervened rings which represent the unity of 5 inhabited continents(AFRICA, AMERICA, ASIA, OCEANIC, and EUROPE).

2) Color of rings-BLUE, YELLOW, BLACK, GREEN & RED, over a white field forms an Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag.

3) Flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time in the 1920 summer Olympics in BELGIUM.

4) Olympic motto is CITIUS, ALTIUS, FORTIUS a Latin expression meaning “FASTER, HIGHER, STRONGER”.
WOMEN IN OLYMPICS

The first Olympic Games to feature female athletes was the 1900 Games in Paris. Hélène de Pourtalèsof Switzerland became the first woman to compete at the Olympic Games and became the first female Olympic champion, as a member of the winning team in the first 1 to the 2-ton sailing event on

May 22, 1900. Briton Charlotte Cooper became the first female individual champion by winning the women’s singles tennis competition on January 11. Tennis and golf were the only sports where women could compete in individual disciplines. 22 women competed at the 1900 Games

Olympics from 1896 to 2016

1. The first winner of the modern Olympics in 1896 – was JAMES BRENDAN CONNOLLY (TRIPLE JUMP).
2. First-time women participated in modern Olympics- 2000 PARIS.
3. The first team game was added to Olympics- FOOTBALL in 1900.
4. First medal ceremony – 1904.
5. First black athlete to win an Olympic gold medal – AN AFRICAN- AMERICAN JOHN TAYLOR IN 1908.
6. The first time a swimming pool was used for swimming events –LONDON OLYMPICS IN 1908.
7. Rules were given a definite shape – 1908 LONDON.
8. First Asian country to take part in the modern Olympics – was JAPAN IN 1912 (STOCKHOLM).
9. The first game in which the Olympic oath was voiced – 1920.
10. The first game in which the Olympic flag had flown- 1920.
11. The Olympic Flame was first used in – 1928.
12. The first to use the victory podium – 1932.
13. The first games to be televised were – BERLIN OLYMPIC IN 1936.
14. The first games to be covered worldwide -1960 ROME.
15. First mascot used in Olympics – 1972 MUNICH ( WALDI THE DACHSHUND).
16. First-time professionals were officially allowed Compete – in 1984.
17. The first torch that traveled all five continents – 2004.
18. First South American country to host the games – RIO 2016.
19. Two games have been added to RIO Olympics 2016 – GOLF & RUGBY.
20. First-time professional boxers were allowed to participate – in RIO OLYMPICS 2016.

Winter Olympics

The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during Summer Games. Figures skating in (1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics

At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it was decided.

The winter sports week (it was actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France

Important Notes

Figure skating and ice hockey were featured in the winter Olympic Games

At the 1921 Olympic Congress, in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games and it started the play from 1924

The Winter Olympics were held every four years, two years after each summer Olympics, but it was not called an Olympiad like Summer Olympics.

No medal certificates are given to the athletes they just demonstrate it.

Paralympics

In 1948 Sir Ludwig Guttmann determined to promote the rehabilitation of soldiers after World War ll

In the 1960 Olympic Games, in Rome Guttman brought 400 disabled athletes to compete in the- parallel Olympics which becomes to known as the Paralympic

The city which hosts the Olympics games also hosts the Paralympic Games

It works under the international Paralympic committee
For the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, the Paralympics have been held every Olympic year.

YOUTH GAMES

The first youth summer Olympic games were held in SINGAPORE in 2010.

The first youth winter Olympic games were held in INNSBRUCK in 2012.

The Age Group is between 14 to 18 years.

ASIAN GAMES

The Asian Games, also known as Asiad. The Games were regulated by the Asian Games Federation (AGF) from the first Games in New Delhi, India, in 1951, until the 1978 Games. Since the 1982 Games, they have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA),

The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games.
The Asian Games motto is “Ever Onward” which was designed and proposed by Guru Dutt Sondhi.

The Asian Games symbol is a bright sun in red with 16 rays and a white circle in the middle.
Asian games have had MASCOTS Since the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, India.

SAF Games –

The South Asian Games are multi-sport events held among athletes from South Asia. The governing body of these games is South Asia Olympic Council (SAOC), formed in 1983.

At present, SAG is joined by eight members namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan.

The first event was held in September 1984, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
It occurs after every 3 years
Last event- 1-10 December 2019, Kathmandu

Commonwealth Games

This game is international multi-sports involving athletes from the Commonwealth nations.

The event was first held in 1930 and has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire games from 1930 to 1950. The British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966. The British Commonwealth games from 1970 to 1974.

The most recent Commonwealth Games were held in Gold Coast from 4 to 15 April 2018. The next Commonwealth Games are to be held in Birmingham from 27 July to 7 August 2022.

ORGANIZATIONS

– IAAF(INTERNATIONAL AMATEURS OF ATHLETICS FEDERATION)
It is an international Governing body founded on 17 July 1912 for the sports of ATHLETICS.
The current president of IAAF, LAMINE DIACK of SENEGAL was elected in the 2001 congress.
It controls all rule systems. It changes rules.

2. IOC (INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE)

It is a non-profit, non-governmental organization situated in SWITZERLAND created by BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN on 23 June 1894.

It organizes the modern Olympics games & youth Olympics games.

The IOC selects the host city to organize the Olympic games.

3. IOA (Indian Olympic Association)

The aim is to select Indian Athletes for the Olympic game, Commonwealth Games, and other international games.
IOA was formed in 1927 by Sir Dorabji Tata as its first president

Target Olympic Podium Scheme

The TOPS is the flagship program of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports which is an atom to provide assistance to India’s top athletes and looks to add a premium to the preparation of athletes so that they can win Olympic medals in the 2020 and 2024 Olympics.

Under the Scheme, the Department of Sports shall identify athletes who are potential medal winners in the 2020 / 2024 Olympics. The idea of the Scheme is to also keep an eye in the future and fund a Developmental Group of Athletes who are medal prospects for the Olympic Games in Paris in 2024 and the Los Angeles Games in 2028.

History of the Scheme
In order to realize India’s Olympic medal dream, at the 2016 (Rio) and 2020 (Tokyo) Olympics, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS) established the Target Olympics Podium Scheme (TOPS or TOP Scheme) in September 2014.

To fulfill the objective of this scheme, a committee (TOPS Elite Athletes’ Identification Committee) was constituted to identify the elite athletes who could achieve the Olympic podium.

The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports is responsible for the appointment of TOPS members with an emphasis on ensuring representation from ‘High-Priority’ sports (Archery, Badminton, Boxing Hockey, Shooting, and Wrestling). The total number of members of the committee is to be decided by MYAS.

The first committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Shri. Anurag Thakur (MP) and eminent athletes (Pullela Gopichand, Rahul Dravid, Abhinav Bindra, and Manisha Malhotra).

Recent Success
The TOPS-sponsored athletes gained relative success at the 2016 Rio Olympics and the 2018 Commonwealth Games. P V Sindhu and Sakshi Malik captured silver and bronze in Badminton and Wrestling respectively at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

In the 2016 Paralympic Games, the TOPS Athletes won 2 Gold, 1 Silver, and 1 Bronze demonstrating the effectiveness of the Scheme.

Out of the 70 athletes who won medals at the CWG, 47 of them were supported under the TOP Scheme.

Mission Olympic Cell (MOC)

The Mission Olympic Cell is a dedicated body created to assist the athletes who are selected under the TOP Scheme.
The MOC is under the Chairmanship of the Director General, Sports Authority (DG,
SAI).
The Committee meetings are attended by representatives of respective National Sports Federations (NSFs) and Project Officers of the SAI among other members.

Function –
The idea of the MOC is to debate, discuss and decide the processes and methods so that the athlete receives the best assistance. The MOC also focuses on the selection, exclusion, and retention of athletes, coaches, and training institutes that can receive TOPS assistance. Some of the functions that the MOC are enumerated below –

(a) To approve customized programs for athletes chosen under the TOP Scheme.
(b) To recommend financial disbursement for the customized programs.
(c) To support, monitor, and review the progress of athletes in accordance with the training programs.
(d) To set a regular reporting structure on the athletes’ training program.
(e) To take decisions on sudden and unanticipated requirements/needs of athletes.
(f) To communicate regularly with the athletes on their progress, requirements, and perspectives
(g) To engage implementation partner agencies to carry out/execute any or all of the above functions.
(h) To ensure documentation/contractual obligations of beneficiaries.
(i) To deliver sponsor/commercial partner/media commitment under the NSDF TOP Scheme

Scheme of Assistance

The selected athletes can seek assistance under the Scheme for the following:-
(a) Customized training under reputed coaches at institutes having world-class facilities.
(b) Participation in international competition.
(c) Purchase of equipment.
(d) Services of support staff/personnel like Physical Trainers, Sports Psychologists, Mental Trainers Physiotherapist, etc.
(e) Any other support specific to the sports discipline.
(f) Out-of-pocket allowance of Rs. 50,000/- (Rupees fifty thousand only) a month to the athletes as an incentive

Selection and Review Committee

The Mission Olympic Cell (MOC) conducts a meeting every week in order to evaluate the proposals of the athletes. The Committee sanctions budgets based on the athlete’s requirement and the Committee’s recommendation.

The Committee is also responsible for periodically conducting reviews of athletes’ progress and performances. Based on the Committee’s recommendation, athletes may be included, retained, or excluded from the TOP Scheme.

The main objective of the Scheme is to provide added impetus towards the athlete’s preparations, over and above what is planned under the Annual Calendar of Training and Competition (ACTC).

UGC NET Physical Education Questions And Answers from

Unit 1 Principle And History of Physical Education

1. Which organ of the Alimentary canal is known as the ‘Graveyard of RedBlood Cells’?
   (A) Liver
   (B) Pancreas
   (C) Spleen
   (D) Duodenum

Answer: A

2. The longest muscle in the body is–

(A) Deltoid
(B) Iliopsoas
(C) Pectoralis Major
(D) Sartorius

Answer: D

3. Which of the following is a scalar quantity?

(A) Mass
(B) Weight
(C) Velocity
(D) Gravity

Answer: A

4. White muscle fibers are better adapted to perform–
   (A) Slow contraction
   (B) Fast contraction
   (C) Medium contraction
   (D) No contraction
   Answer – A

5. In a cardiac cycle, what is the ratio of ventricular systole and ventricular diastole?
   (A) 0.1 sec/0.7 sec
   (B) 0.2 sec/0.6 sec
   (C) 0.3 sec/0.5 sec
   (D) 0.4 sec/0.4 sec

Answer: C

6. Which one of the following is not considered an organization?
   Clubs
   Schools
   (C) Associations
   (D) Society

Answer: A

7. The camp crafts involve–
   (A) Motor skills
   (B) Racial skills
   (C) Mental skills
   (D) Mechanical skills

Answer: C

8. Which one of the following is not connected with the concept of motivation?
   (A) Drive
   (B) Sympathy
   (C) Need
   (D) Motive
   Answer: A
   
9. Another name for percussion manipulation is–
   (A) Petrissage
   (B) Kneading
   (C) Pressure
   (D) Tapotement
   Answer: D
   
10. Trypsin helps in the digestion of–
    (A) Vitamins
    (B) Fats
    (C) Protein
    (D) Carbohydrates
    Answer: C
    
11. For effective administration, the physical education teacher must possess the–
    (A) High qualification
    (B) Good personality
    (C) Technical Knowledge and skills
    (D) Teaching ability

Answer: C

12. Adrenalin, which is an excitatory hormone is secreted by–
    (A) Pancreas
    (B) Gonads
    (C) Thyroid
    (D) Suprarenal glands

Answer: A

13. The degree of uniformity with which various tester score the same test is found through–
    (A) Validity
    (B) Objectivity
    (C) Reliability
    (D) Norms

Answer: D

14. The National Malaria Eradicating Programme was launched in India in the year–
    (A) 1973
    (B) 1963
    (C) 1953
    (D) 1951

Answer: C

15. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is–
    (A) Nephron
    (B) Neuron
    (C) Mitochondria
    (D) Epidermis

Answer: A

16. The most suitable class formation for teaching shotput is a–
    (A) Circle
    (B) Triangle
    (C) Semicircle
    (D) Square
    

Answer: C

16. Top spin causes–
    (A) Higher rebound
    (B) Lower rebound
    (C) Rebound to the left
    (D) Rebound to the right

Answer: B

18. ‘ATLAS OF MAN’ which describes the body types was written by–
    (A) Heath
    (B) Carter
    (C) Kretchmer
    (D) Sheldon

Answer: D

19. Up to the age of Puberty, the sex hormones are secreted by–
    (A) Pituitary gland
    (B) Adrenal gland
    (C) Testes
    (D) Ovaries

Answer: A

20. The dynamometer is used to measure–
(A)Flexibility
(B)Agility
(C) Strength
(D) Speed

Answer: C

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