Last updated on February 4th, 2025 at 09:56 pm
Sports Training
Training & Doping in Sports
Sports training is a process of preparation of sportsperson based on scientific principles, which aimed at improving and maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports activities.
It is a special type of training designed to improve fitness and performance in a given sport. Sports training is focused on optimal performance in a particular sport.
Its main aim is to develop the performance of a sportsperson so that they achieve the highest possible result.
Training programs are developed in different stages viz. quarterly, half-yearly and annually, which is performed progressively through macro-cycle (months workout plan), mesocycle (weeks workout plan), and micro-cycle (days workout plan).
Principles of Sports Training
Principle of continuity: The training programme should be followed regularly without a long break.
Principle of training Load: Training load should be gradually increased after the adaptation of previous work or load.
Planned and Systematic Training: To achieve a high level of sports performance in competitions, the training must be well planned and conducted systematically for better results.
General and specific training: General training creates the base and specific training helps to achieve high performance.
Principle of Cyclicity: The training can be organized in three different cycles: Macrocycle: having a duration of 3–12 months; Mesocycle of 3–6 weeks; and Micro cycle of 5–10 days.
Ensuring results: Sports training is planned to achieve the expected results in small and major competitions or tournaments.
Principle of Adaptability: The adaptability to the training load should be in proper proportion between the load and recovery.
Uniformity: Time and duration of the activity should be maintained.
Principle of individual difference: No two individuals are alike. The load may vary as per the capacity of the individual sportsperson. Training must be planned as per the needs of the individual age, health condition, individual capacity, recovery pace and physique of the sportsperson.
Feasibility: Training of the sportsperson should be planned and conducted to draw the maximum benefit.


Training Load: Overload, Adaptation, and Recovery
Overload:
- Overload is an essential concept in training that involves pushing your body beyond its current limits.
- It is necessary to stimulate physiological adaptations and improve performance.
- However, excessive overload without proper recovery can lead to negative consequences like fatigue and injuries.
- Balancing the intensity, duration, and frequency of your workouts is crucial to avoid overloading your system.
Adaptation:
- Adaptation is the body’s response to training stress.
- During exercise, the body undergoes changes to become more efficient and better equipped to handle future demands.
- Proper adaptation leads to improved fitness levels, strength, and endurance.
- Giving the body enough time to adapt is vital for long-term progress and preventing burnout.
Recovery:
- Recovery is the time your body needs to heal, repair, and rebuild after training.
- It allows the body to repair muscles, replenish energy stores, and reduce the risk of injury.
- Adequate rest and nutrition play a crucial role in the recovery process.
- Neglecting recovery can lead to overtraining, decreased performance, and a higher risk of injury.
Warming Up & Limbering Down
Warming up
Warming up is the process of heating the body muscles through certain exercise before the main activity.
It is a set-up of exercise and movements which are performed before the activities, by doing this the body is prepared psychologically and physiologically to bear the stress of activity.
It raises the body temperature slightly higher because of which there are more accurate responses as neuromuscular coordination improves.
Warming up can be done in two ways
Passive: In this system the player warms up his body through external sources, like a hot bath, Sauna bath, steam bath, massage, etc.
Active: In this, the player warms up his body through actual participation in physical activities. It improves the efficiency of the body and tones up the muscles. This should be done in two parts:
General Warming up: It is general and can be performed for every activity in a similar way. It consists of simple Jogging, stretching, jumping, striding, etc.
Specific Warming up: It is specific. It warms up the related Muscles which are used in that particular activity. It raises the mobility of joints. For example, shuttle running, dribbling, shooting for basketball, ball drinking, kicking, heading for football, etc.
Warming up reduces the chances of injuries, increases energy level and helps to get fast and efficient responses.
Limbering Down
Limbering down is also known as cooling down. It is a setup of exercises which are performed after the competition or activity. It is done at the end of the activity.
Limbering down consists of very simple exercises at a slow pace like slow jogging, slow stretching exercise and deep breathing exercise at the end. By cooling down, the body temperature is slowly brought to normal which is raised during activity.
Limbering down reduces fatigue level, relaxes the body and reduces pain.
Concept of Skill, Technique, Tactics & Strategies
In the world of sports and various other fields, understanding the concepts of skill, technique, tactics, and strategies is crucial for success and growth. Let’s take a closer look at each of these elements:
Skill:
Skills are the foundation of any performance. They are the abilities and expertise an individual possesses to perform specific tasks or activities effectively.
Skills can be physical, like a basketball player’s dribbling or a dancer’s footwork, or they can be cognitive, like problem-solving or decision-making skills.
Developing and honing skills is an ongoing process, and practice, training, and experience play a significant role in improving them.
Technique:
Technique refers to the specific methods, mechanics, or styles used to execute a skill correctly. It involves the precise movements, body positions, and coordination needed to perform a task optimally.
Good technique ensures efficiency, reduces the risk of injury, and enhances performance. Coaches often focus on refining athletes’ techniques to maximize their potential and achieve consistent results.
Tactics:
Tactics are the strategic plans and decisions made during a game, competition, or any situation to gain an advantage over opponents or challenges.
In sports, tactics involve using specific plays, formations, or moves to outsmart the opposition and create scoring opportunities. In other fields, tactics may involve adjusting approaches to achieve desired outcomes efficiently.
Adapting tactics based on the situation is essential for success, as it keeps opponents guessing and enables individuals to exploit weaknesses effectively.
Strategies:
Strategies encompass broader, long-term plans and overarching approaches to achieve objectives. They involve setting goals, understanding the environment, and making informed decisions about how to accomplish those goals.
In sports, a team’s overall strategy might focus on building a strong defense or emphasizing offensive creativity. In business or other areas, strategies could involve expanding into new markets, improving customer service, or streamlining operations.
Strategies provide a roadmap for success and guide the allocation of resources and efforts.
Concept & Classification of Doping
Doping is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports to improve performance of athletes. It is using prohibited substances or methods to improve sports performance.
The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical and banned by the International Olympic Committee.
IOC wants dope free clean sports for all. Reasons for the ban are mainly due to health risk and equal opportunity for athletes to compete.
Doping methods harm the health of athletes which might be fatal. Doping in sports is taken during training or competition day.


Classification of Doping
- Stimulants: Amphetamines, caffeine
- Narcotics: Morphine, Opium, Heroin, Cocaine
- Steroids: Anabolic steroids, estradiol, Testosterone, Anti-inflammatory
- Growth Hormone: Somatotropin, Peptide hormone
- Beta-Blocker: Beta-adrenergic, Beta-antagonist
- Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Aspirin
Drug Administration: There are various types of drugs that can be used by athletes to enhance performance.
Blood Doping: It is the process of increasing Red Blood Cell by the administration of blood transfusion. Increasing the amount of RBC helps in strength and endurance activities.
This can be done by injecting extra RBC either from donors or previously harvested blood.
Gene Doping: It is the modification of genes to enhance performance. It is altering the individual human DNA index.
Concept of Doping and Its Disadvantages:
Doping is the use of prohibited substances or methods to enhance athletic performance. It’s considered unethical and against the rules in sports because it provides an unfair advantage and jeopardizes the health and integrity of athletes and the spirit of fair competition.
Disadvantages of Doping:
Health Risks: Doping substances can have severe health consequences. They may cause long-term damage to organs, hormonal imbalances, cardiovascular issues, and even life-threatening conditions.
Unfair Competition: Doping distorts the level playing field and undermines the principle of fair competition. Athletes who don’t use these substances may be at a disadvantage compared to those who do.
Damage to Athlete’s Reputation: Doping scandals can tarnish an athlete’s reputation, leading to loss of trust from fans, sponsors, and fellow athletes.
Violation of Ethical Principles: Doping goes against the core values of sportsmanship, integrity, and respect for rules. It erodes the trust and credibility of sports as a whole.
Legal Consequences: Doping is illegal in most sports organizations, and athletes caught using prohibited substances or methods can face severe penalties, including bans and loss of titles.
Negative Impact on Young Athletes: Doping can set a harmful example for young athletes, promoting the idea that shortcuts and cheating are acceptable to achieve success.
Diminished Sporting Achievements: Doping diminishes genuine sporting achievements and undermines the hard work and dedication of clean athletes.
Escalating Use of Dangerous Substances: The pursuit of athletic success may push athletes to use increasingly dangerous substances, putting their health and lives at risk.
Weakening Trust in Anti-Doping Measures: Doping incidents can lead to skepticism about the effectiveness of anti-doping efforts, making it challenging to maintain the integrity of sports.
Prohibited Substances & Their Side Effects
Stimulants:
Stimulants are chemicals which have a direct effect over the central nervous system. These drugs improve work output by reducing the feeling of fatigue and increasing alertness.
Examples of these drugs are caffeine, amphetamines, and ephedrine.
Narcotics:
Narcotics are good pain killers, these substances are used to treat moderate to severe pain. They are used during training periods to remove the feeling of restlessness and tiredness. Examples are Morphine, Opium, Heroin, cocaine, etc.
Steroids:
Steroids promote growth and healing processes. They increase the heart rate, body temperature, muscle mass, blood circulation, etc. Examples are anabolic steroids, estradiol, testosterone, etc
Growth Hormone:
These are usually animal hormones used for increasing the muscle mass, height, and size of the body. Examples are somatotropin, peptic hormone, etc.
Beta-blockers:
These are anxiety-reducing agents which are used in games that involve concentration and risk. They reduce anxiety, lower the heart rate, reduce body temperature, reduce stress, relax Muscles, etc. Examples are beta-adrenergic, beta-antagonist.
Diuretics:
These drugs eliminate fluid from the body. The person reduces body weight in a very short period. These are generally used by wrestlers, boxing players, etc. Examples are acetazolamide, aspirin
Side Effects of Prohibited Substances
? Addictive effects: Most of these prohibited substances have addictive effects, thus creating physical and psychological dependence.
☠ Cardiac Problems: Doping has adverse effects on the heart and causes many types of cardiac problems.
Affects Kidney and liver: Doping substances have strong chemicals, which adversely affect the Kidney and liver.
Unbalanced Psychological behavior: These substances lead to unbalanced Psychological behavior like aggression, loss of concentration, dizziness, headache, etc.
Musculature body: These substances affect the feminine look of females, loss of hair, male voice, Causes beard or mustaches, etc.
Impotence: Doping Causes impotence in male, i.e. shrinking of testicles, reduction of sperm production. In females it causes infertility.
Digestive problems: Most of these substances cause digestive problems like loss of appetite, varied sugar level, hormonal variations, constipation, etc
Dehydration: Doping Causes great loss of water from the body, thus it leads to dehydration.
Respiratory problems: Many Doping substances cause respiratory disorders like coughing, bronchitis, asthma, etc.
Dealing With Alcohol And Substance Abuse
Substance abuse refers to using an illegal substance. People who are involved with alcohol addiction frequently may use other substances such as prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, or illicit street drugs. When many substances are combined, it results in adverse side effects
Alcohol and substance abuse are often referred to as poly drug abuse or poly substance abuse.
The doctor may recommend one or more of the following treatment options:
Detoxification
Detoxification programs help to break the body’s physical addiction to alcohol. It takes one week to complete.
Behavior modification
People who are addicted to the act of drinking may need to learn skills and coping mechanisms to help avoid alcohol
Counseling
One-on-one or group counseling is very effective. Support groups are very helpful during treatment for alcohol addiction.
A support group can help addicted people to connect with other people who are facing similar challenges. They can help answer questions and provide encouragement.
Medications
Medications are also used to treat alcohol addiction. They include:
- Disulfiram: It is an alcohol-sensitizing drug that may lower your desire to drink by making an addicted person sick when you consume alcohol.
- Acamprosate: It helps to combat alcohol cravings by restoring the balance of certain chemicals in your brain.
- Naltrexone: It blocks the feel-good effects that alcohol has on your brain.
Click Below To Learn Other Chapter Notes
- Class 11 Physical Education Syllabus
- Chapter 1: Changing Trend and Career Option
- Chapter 2: Olympic value education
- Chapter 3: Yoga
- Chapter 4: Physical Education and sports for CWSN
- Chapter 5: Physical Fitness, Wellness
- Chapter 6: Test Measurement And Evaluation
- Chapter 7: Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology In Sports
- Chapter 8: Fundamentals of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in Sports
- Chapter 9: Psychology in Sports
- Chapter 10: Training And Doping In Sports
Training and Doping in Sports, chapter 10 CBSE, class 11 Physical Education notes. This cbse Physical Education class 11 notes has a brief explanation of every topic that NCERT syllabus has.
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